Cryptococcosis in dogs: a retrospective study of 20 consecutive cases

Malík, Richard; Dill-Macky, E.; Martín, Patricia A.; Wigney, D. I.; Muir, D.; Love, Daria N.

doi:10.1080/02681219580000601

Cited by 84 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Blindness is not as common as in cats (168). Epistaxis, sneezing, and nasal discharge are present in ϳ50% of cases of cryptococcosis (173,175,184,185). The skin, kidney, and gastrointestinal tract may also be involved.…”

Section: Gattii Infection In Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cryptococcus gattii Infections

2014

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SUMMARY Understanding of the taxonomy and phylogeny of Cryptococcus gattii has been advanced by modern molecular techniques. C. gattii probably diverged from Cryptococcus neoformans between 16 million and 160 million years ago, depending on the dating methods applied, and maintains diversity by recombining in nature. South America is the likely source of the virulent C. gattii VGII molecular types that have emerged in North America. C. gattii shares major virulence determinants with C. neoformans , although genomic and transcriptomic studies revealed that despite similar genomes, the VGIIa and VGIIb subtypes employ very different transcriptional circuits and manifest differences in virulence phenotypes. Preliminary evidence suggests that C. gattii VGII causes severe lung disease and death without dissemination, whereas C. neoformans disseminates readily to the central nervous system (CNS) and causes death from meningoencephalitis. Overall, currently available data indicate that the C. gattii VGI, VGII, and VGIII molecular types more commonly affect nonimmunocompromised hosts, in contrast to VGIV. New, rapid, cheap diagnostic tests and imaging modalities are assisting early diagnosis and enabling better outcomes of cerebral cryptococcosis. Complications of CNS infection include increased intracranial pressure, severe neurological sequelae, and development of immune reconstitution syndrome, although the mortality rate is low. C. gattii VGII isolates may exhibit higher fluconazole MICs than other genotypes. Optimal therapeutic regimens are yet to be determined; in most cases, initial therapy with amphotericin B and 5-flucytosine is recommended.

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Section: Gattii Infection In Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dogs typically present with clinical signs involving more than one organ system (172,184). In one study (173), although nasal cavity involvement was important, the canine cohort had a greater propensity to develop secondary CNS involvement and disseminated disease than feline cases.…”

Section: Gattii Infection In Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptococcus gattii Infections

2014

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“…[1][2][3][4] Although the reported incidence of cryptococcosis is lower in dogs than in cats, CNS involvement may be more common in dogs 1 in addition to widespread dissemination to other parenchymal organs. 1,2,[5][6][7] Pathologic findings suggesting extension of nasal disease through the cribriform plate with subsequent meningoencephalitis have been reported in several cases. [1][2][3] CNS involvement also may follow hematogenous dissemination.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In dogs and cats, the nasal cavity is thought to be the initial site of infection, although the lung and the gastrointestinal tract also have been suggested as portals of entry. [1][2][3] Other commonly reported sites of involvement include the skin, lymph nodes, central nervous system (CNS), and eyes. [1][2][3][4] Although the reported incidence of cryptococcosis is lower in dogs than in cats, CNS involvement may be more common in dogs 1 in addition to widespread dissemination to other parenchymal organs.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1][2][3] Other commonly reported sites of involvement include the skin, lymph nodes, central nervous system (CNS), and eyes. [1][2][3][4] Although the reported incidence of cryptococcosis is lower in dogs than in cats, CNS involvement may be more common in dogs 1 in addition to widespread dissemination to other parenchymal organs. 1,2,[5][6][7] Pathologic findings suggesting extension of nasal disease through the cribriform plate with subsequent meningoencephalitis have been reported in several cases.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Clinical Signs, Imaging Features, Neuropathology, and Outcome in Cats and Dogs with Central Nervous System Cryptococcosis from California

Sykes

Sturges

Cannon

et al. 2010

Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine

156

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Background: Cryptococcus spp. is a fungal pathogen with a predilection for the central nervous system (CNS). Objectives: To compare the clinical, advanced imaging, and neuropathologic findings in dogs and cats with CNS cryptococcosis, and to evaluate outcome of treatment in these animals.Animals: Twenty-six cats and 21 dogs with CNS cryptococcosis. Methods: Medical records were reviewed for clinical findings and results of CNS imaging. Archived cerebrospinal fluid and CNS tissue specimens were reviewed for pathology. Findings in cats were compared with those in dogs and the effects of variables on survival were determined by survival curve analysis.Results: When present, pain was localized to the cervical region in dogs and was generalized or localized to the thoracolumbar spine or pelvic limbs in cats. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings were variable but correlated with CNS histopathological findings of meningitis, meningitis with gelatinous pseudocyst formation, and granulomatous mass lesions. Peripherally enhancing brain lesions were seen only in cats. Histopathologically, the inflammatory response was milder in cats compared with dogs. Remissions of !1 year occurred in 32% of treated animals. Altered mentation was associated with negative outcome. Glucocorticoid use after diagnosis was associated with improved survival in the first 10 days.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Lesions seen on MRI reflected neuropathological findings and were similar to those reported in human patients. The immune response to infection may differ between cats and dogs, or relate to the infecting cryptococcal species. Long-term (46 month median survival time) survival may be possible in animals surviving !4 days after diagnosis.

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2018

Breed Predispositions to Disease in Dogs and Cats

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Cryptococcosis in dogs: a retrospective study of 20 consecutive cases

Cited by 84 publications

References 23 publications

Cryptococcus gattii Infections

Cryptococcus gattii Infections

Clinical Signs, Imaging Features, Neuropathology, and Outcome in Cats and Dogs with Central Nervous System Cryptococcosis from California

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