Cryptococcosis in human immunodeficiency virus-negative patients

Kiertiburanakul, Sasisopin; Wirojtananugoon, Sirirat; Pracharktam, Roongnapa; Sungkanuparph, Somnuek

doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2004.12.004

Cited by 157 publications

(123 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Underlying immunosuppression associated with cryptococcosis in HIV-negative patients has been reported. Hematologic malignancies, autoimmune diseases, sarcoidosis and other diseases that present some degree of immunodefi ciency may be risk factors for cryptococcosis 25 . In our study, four cases of leprosy were associated with cryptococcosis, and we also observed two tuberculosis cases in HIV-negative patients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical and microbiological features of cryptococcal meningitis

Souza

Costa

Fernandes

et al. 2013

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

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Introduction: In this study, the clinical features, underlying diseases and clinical outcomes of patients with cryptococcosis were investigated. In addition, a molecular analysis of the Cryptococcus neoformans species complex isolated from these patients was performed. Methods: A prospective study of 62 cases of patients with cryptococcal infection was conducted at the Hospital de Doenças Tropicais de Goiás Dr. Anuar Auad from 2009-2010. Cryptococcal meningitis cases were diagnosed by direct examination and cerebrospinal fl uid (CSF) sample culture. The profi ling of these patients was assessed. The CSF samples were submitted to India ink preparation and cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar, and C. neoformans was identifi ed by the production of urease, a positive phenoloxidase test and assimilation of carbohydrates. C. neoformans and C. gattii isolates were distinguished by growth on L-canavanine-glycine-bromothymol blue medium, and molecular analysis was conducted via PCR fi ngerprinting reactions using M13 and (GACA) 4 primers. Results: From the 62 patients with cryptococcosis, 71 isolates of CSF were obtained; 67 (94.4%) isolates were identifi ed as C. neoformans var. grubii/VNI, and 4 (5.6%) were identifi ed as C. gattii/VGII. Of these patients, 53 had an HIV diagnosis. The incidence of cryptococcosis was higher among patients 20-40 years of age, with 74.2% of the cases reported in males. Cryptococcus-related mortality was noted in 48.4% of the patients, and the symptoms were altered sensorium, headache, fever and stiff neck. Conclusions: The high morbidity and mortality observed among patients with cryptococcosis demonstrate the importance of obtaining information regarding the epidemiological profi le and clinical course of the disease in the State of Goiás, Brazil.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical and microbiological features of cryptococcal meningitis

Souza

Costa

Fernandes

et al. 2013

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

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“…in HIV/AIDS patients is associated with high mortality [2]. Patients who are given long-term treatment with immunosuppressants, recipients of organ transplantation, those with malignancies, diabetes mellitus, and chronic pulmonary diseases are also susceptible to Cryptococcus infection [3]. In recent years, with the widespread use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, immunosuppressants, glucocorticoids, and chemotherapeutics, and with advances in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, the incidence of pulmonary cryptococcosis (PC) has increased [4,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retrospective Analysis of 76 Immunocompetent Patients with Primary Pulmonary Cryptococcosis

Xie

Zeng

et al. 2012

Lung

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“…Given that meningitis is the most common presenting illness in patients with cryptococcosis, LP is essential even in the absence of neurological symptoms. 6,7 Untreated cryptococcal meningitis carries a high mortality rate and can lead to cranial nerve palsies, hearing loss, and blindness. 8 According to the current Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines, non-HIV patients with disseminated cryptococcosis should be treated with a four-week course of amphotericin B and flucytosine for induction therapy followed by maintenance therapy with fluconazole for 6-12 months.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%