Cryptorchidism: classification, prevalence and long‐term consequences

Virtanen, Helena E.; Bjerknes, Robert; Cortes, Dina; Jørgensen, Niels; Meyts, Ewa Rajpert‐De; Þórsson, Árni V.; Thorup, Jørgen; Main, Katharina M.

doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00241.x

Cited by 215 publications

(179 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…Kallmann syndrome), were enrolled in our study. From the medical history and the clinical setting, 3 out of 19 of the ex-cryporchid males were affected by bilateral cryptorchidism and 5 out of 19 suffered from azoozpermia [24]. Furthermore, none of our formerly criptorchid men presented Y chromosome microdeletions [25].…”

Section: Subjects Selection and Study Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Could androgen receptor gene CAG tract polymorphism affect spermatogenesis in men with idiopathic infertility?

Giagulli

Carbone²,

Pergola

et al. 2014

J Assist Reprod Genet

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Purpose This study examined whether the AR-CAG repeat length might affect clinical characteristics (testis volume) seminal parameters (sperm count and its mobility) along with hormonal serum profile [FSH, LH, Testosterone (T) and Inhibin B (InhB)] both in idiopathic male infertility (IM) and in infertility due to a previous condition of cryptorchidism (CryM) or to Y chromosome long arm microdeletions (YM). Design Observational study without intervention(s).Patients One hundred and ten IM patients [90 idiopathic olizoospermic males (IOM) and 20 idiopathic azoospermic males (IAM)], 19 CryM male and 10 YM patients were included. Sixty-one age-matched healthy men who had fathered within 3 years were involved representing the control group (FM). Results AR-CAG repeats stretch was significantly longer in IOM (p<0.05), CryM (p<0.05) and YM (p<0.001) than FM. When the AR-CAG repeat tracts were subdivided in three subgroups according to the length of CAG repeats tract assessed in fertile subjects (the one with the middle (n 19-21) belonging to the 25 and 75 % inter-quartile, the ends belonging to the <25 % interquartile and >75 % inter-quartile, respectively), there was a statistically significant difference of distribution of AR-CAG tract length among fertile and different groups of infertile men (p= <0.0005; chi-square test). Moreover, the subgroup of AR-CAG repeat stretch with 22-28 triplets was associated with lower levels of InhB both in idiopathic oligozoospermic (Scheffe, Bonferroni and Dunett tests p = < 0.01) and azoospermic men (Scheffe, Bonferroni and Dunett test p=<0.05), while, when FM and men with idiopathic infertility were gathered in a single group, both the subgroup of AR-CAG tract with 15-18 repeats and the one with 22-28 repeats are associated with lower testis volume, reduced sperm count and serum InhB levels. Conclusions Our study showed that the outliers of AR-CAG repeat length seem to influence the function of AR, affecting testis volume and Sertoli cell function and consequently sperm production in both fertile and idiopathic infertile men.Keywords CAG repeat length polymorphism . Idiopathic male infertility . Y chromosome long arm microdeletions . Sertoli cell . Leydig cell . Inhibin B and testosteroneCapsule No concrete evidence about the pathogenetic role of androgen receptor (AR) CAG repeat length polymorphism in infertile men has been obtained so far. This study aims to search it, measuring AR-CAG polymorphism both in fertile and in infertile men with idiopathic infertility or with well-known causes of infertility (i.e. cryptorchidism and Ychromosomal microdeletions). The shortest tract as well as the longest one of AR-CAG repeat polymorphism may negatively affect the spermatogenesis in fertile and infertile men.

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Section: Subjects Selection and Study Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Could androgen receptor gene CAG tract polymorphism affect spermatogenesis in men with idiopathic infertility?

Giagulli

Carbone²,

Pergola

et al. 2014

J Assist Reprod Genet

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show abstract

“…However, men with a history of undescended testes may have reduced spermatogenic function and possibly reduced fertility in adulthood, especially if the condition is left untreated for a prolonged period of time (27,28). The development of male reproductive organs depends on androgens and a balanced androgen-estrogen ratio.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk of cryptorchidism and hypospadias among boys of maternal hairdressers – a Danish population-based cohort study

Jørgensen¹,

Jensen²,

Toft³

et al. 2012

Scand J Work Environ Health

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Maldevelopment of children of women working as hairdressers has been a concern because of exposure to endocrine disrupters. Maternal occupation as hairdresser and risk of cryptorchidism and hypospadias was examined in a cohort of more than 500 000 male infants of occupationally active women. Boys of hairdressers were not at increased risk of cryptorchidism or hypospadias compared to other boys.Affiliation:

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“…A normally descended contralateral testis does not compensate this sub fertility. Surgical treatments in boys between the ages of ten months and four years with bilateral cryptorchidism lead to a normal sperm count in 76% of cases compared to 26% in the boys who were operated between the age of 4 and 14 years and this time effect is not so pronounced with unilateral cryptorchidism [8]. This may be due to the impaired spermatogenesis that is characterized histologically in the first months of life by an increasing reduction in the testosterone-producing Leydig cells, delayed onset of spermatogonia, and a quantitatively and qualitatively reduced maturation process of the germ cells [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%