Cryptosporidiosis among children with diarrhoea in three Asian countries: A review

Latif, Baha; Rossle, Nurul Fariza

doi:10.1016/j.apjtb.2015.05.021

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Different environmental factors and low standard of personal cleanliness may have attributed to this higher infection of children. Similarly, some investigations from Malaysia show that most of infected individuals were children having less than four years of age [45]. This statement is an agreement with other described studies from Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan and Sri Lanka reporting infected cases from children below 3 years of age [46–48].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Evaluation of prevalence and risk factors associated with Cryptosporidium infection in rural population of district Buner, Pakistan

Khan¹,

Shams²,

Khan³

et al. 2019

PLoS ONE

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BackgroundCryptosporidium spp are important intestinal protozoan parasites that cause diarrhea in humans, domestic and wild animals. Its infection remains a main public health concern however, the epidemics in human being is still unclear, particularly in developing countries. There are several factors that may enhance the spreading of this parasite in human population especially in young children.MethodologyA questionnaire was designed to obtain the demographic and clinical data from the participants. A total of 425 stool samples were collected from suspected children (aged 3–10 years) in different hospitals and villages. The initial screening was performed with modified Ziehl Neelsen (mZN) staining technique followed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Several potential risk factors were also assessed through the obtained information from suspected individuals.ResultsOut of all 425 collected samples, 127 were observed positive by mZN with a prevalence of 29.88% (127/425). The 127 mZN positive samples together with 50 mZN negative samples were processed for molecular analysis through PCR assay. Among them, 71 out of 127 mZN positive samples and 4 out of 50 mZN negative samples were found positive by PCR. The molecular analysis showed that Cryptosporidium parvum was the main cause of infection in children. The results revealed that individuals exposed to diarrhea were more likely to be infected with Cryptosporidium infection while several environmental factors may also play a key role in spreading of this parasite.Conclusions/Significance of the studyThe current high prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection may be due to the lack of awareness and routine based testing in identification of this parasite in District Buner. Further studies are required to determine the importance of Cryptosporidium infection in this area as well as across the country and to find out the possible risk factors that may be associated with the occurrence of this protozoan. There is, however, an urgent need for laboratory-based observational studies to develop a more dynamic estimate of the cryptosporidial disease burden in the region.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Evaluation of prevalence and risk factors associated with Cryptosporidium infection in rural population of district Buner, Pakistan

Khan¹,

Shams²,

Khan³

et al. 2019

PLoS ONE

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“…Studies in some South Asian countries corroborated that the use of municipal water was a major risk factor for typhoid and non-typhoidal Salmonella outbreaks as reported in Pakistan and Nepal, respectively [36, 37]. In Iraq, it is a common practice to store water in tanks and barrels at home for days before consumption [38]. According to the United Nations data in 2013, the availability of drinking water in Thi-Qar province was reported as ‘bad or very bad’ by 69% of the population [19].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Prevalence, risk factors and antimicrobial resistance ofSalmonelladiarrhoeal infection among children in Thi-Qar Governorate, Iraq

et al. 2017

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We conducted a hospital-based cross-sectional study among children aged <5 years in Thi-Qar Governorate, south-eastern Iraq, in order to examine the prevalence, risk factors and antimicrobial resistance associated with gastroenteritis caused by Salmonella infection. From 320 diarrhoea cases enrolled between March and August 2016, 33 (10·3%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 8·4-12·4) cases were stool culture-positive for non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica. The most commonly identified serovar was Typhimurium (54%). Multivariable logistic regression analysis indicated that the odds of Salmonella infection in children from households supplied by pipe water was 4·7 (95% CI 1·6-13·9) times higher compared with those supplied with reverse osmosis treated water. Similarly, children from households with domestic animals were found to have a higher odds (OR 10·5; 95% CI 3·8-28·4) of being Salmonella stool culture-positive. The likelihood of Salmonella infection was higher (OR 3·9; 95% CI 1·0-6·4) among children belonging to caregiver with primary vs. tertiary education levels. Lower odds (OR 0·4; 95% CI 0·1-0·9) of Salmonella infection were associated with children exclusively breast fed as compared with those exclusively bottle fed. Salmonella infection was three times lower (95% CI 0·1-0·7) in children belonging to caregiver who reported always washing hands after cleaning children following defecation, vs. those belonging to caregivers who did not wash hands. The antimicrobial resistance profile by disc diffusion revealed that non-susceptibility to tetracycline (78·8%), azithromycin (66·7%) and ciprofloxacin (57·6%) were the most commonly seen, and 84·9% of Salmonella isolates were classified as multi-drug resistant. This is the first study on prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella infection among children in this setting. This work provides specific epidemiological data which are crucial to understand and combat paediatric diarrhoea in Iraq.

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“…This intracellular parasite affects the epithelial cell linings of the digestive system of a wide variety of mammalian hosts, including domestic dogs where they cause mucoid to bloody diarrhea and even death [2,3]. It is one of the most common intestinal protozoan parasites of animals and man, particularly in children and immunocompromised patients [4]. The parasite is the cause of large water-borne and food-borne outbreaks of gastroenteritis and is strongly associated with diarrhea, which may be severe in AIDS patients [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is one of the most common intestinal protozoan parasites of animals and man, particularly in children and immunocompromised patients [4]. The parasite is the cause of large water-borne and food-borne outbreaks of gastroenteritis and is strongly associated with diarrhea, which may be severe in AIDS patients [4]. The close relationship between man and his domestic pets, particularly dogs, makes transmission of zoonotic diseases very easy, especially those that could be acquired through environmental contamination such as cryptosporidiosis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and risk factors associated with Cryptosporidium spp. infection in local breed of dogs in Enugu State, Nigeria

et al. 2019

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Aims: Cryptosporidiosis is an important zoonotic disease of major public and veterinary concern. The disease affects humans and a variety of animal species including the domestic dog. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with Cryptosporidium spp. infection in local breed of dogs from different homes and those presented at veterinary hospitals and clinics in Enugu State, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A total of 203 fresh fecal samples were collected from domestic dogs in six local government areas in Enugu State from February 2015 to August 2015. All the samples were examined using the formol-ether sedimentation method. Fecal smears were then stained by the modified Ziehl-Neelsen technique and examined under direct light microscopy. Results: A total of 74 (36.5%) dogs were infected with Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts. There was a strong association (p<0.05) between the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts and management practices. However, there was no statistically significant association (p>0.05) between the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts and age, sex, and fecal consistency. Conclusion: The findings of this work suggest that domestic dogs in Enugu State harbor and shed Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in the environment, especially those managed semi-intensively. Such fecal shedding is particularly so and of greater zoonotic and epidemiological importance in animals that do not show clinical signs and therefore not treated. They, therefore, pose a greater public health risk, especially to immune-compromised humans and animals. Public education on the zoonotic implication of this protozoan infection is of paramount importance in Enugu State, in particular, and Nigeria, in general, considering the closeness of dogs and man.

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Cryptosporidiosis among children with diarrhoea in three Asian countries: A review

Cited by 11 publications

References 28 publications

Evaluation of prevalence and risk factors associated with Cryptosporidium infection in rural population of district Buner, Pakistan

Evaluation of prevalence and risk factors associated with Cryptosporidium infection in rural population of district Buner, Pakistan

Prevalence, risk factors and antimicrobial resistance ofSalmonelladiarrhoeal infection among children in Thi-Qar Governorate, Iraq

Prevalence and risk factors associated with Cryptosporidium spp. infection in local breed of dogs in Enugu State, Nigeria

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