Cryptosporidiosis – an occupational risk and a disregarded disease in Estonia

Abstract

BackgroundCases of cryptosporidiosis have not been officially reported in Estonia after the year 2000, and the disease appears to be either under-diagnosed or under-reported.FindingsBased on a human case of cryptosporidiosis contracted during faecal sampling in dairy farms, cattle considered to be sources of infection were analysed for Cryptosporidium spp. by a modified Ziehl Neelsen technique and molecular typing. C. parvum subtype IIaA16G1R1 was detected from the human case and from calves from one of nine farms enrolled in the study providing strong circumstantial evidence of zoonotic transmission from calves to humans.ConclusionCryptosporidiosis presents an occupational risk to people with cattle contact, and may also be a risk to the human population in general. Thus increased public and medical awareness is warranted.

Review of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in the eastern part of Europe, 2016

“…Since 1999, reports on cryptosporidiosis have originated from two of 15 counties, Harjumaa and Raplamaa, and since 2010, all the individuals diagnosed with cryptosporidiosis were children [59]. The official data thus do not appear to include known outbreaks occurring among veterinary students [62]. One such case was caused by the C. parvum subtype IIaA16G1R1, and there was evidence of the infection having originated from calf faeces [62].…”

“…The official data thus do not appear to include known outbreaks occurring among veterinary students [62]. One such case was caused by the C. parvum subtype IIaA16G1R1, and there was evidence of the infection having originated from calf faeces [62]. …”

“…are common parasites of domestic animals, including pets, in eastern Europe, and importantly, genotypes pathogenic to humans, including C. parvum and G. intestinalis assemblage A and B , are prevalent. C.parvum subtype IIaA16G1R1 is a common subtype in the region, found in both cattle and humans in the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Romania and Slovenia [62,69,89,117,119]. It has also been suggested that birds may be carriers of human pathogenic species and genotypes of Giardia and Cryptosporidium [70].…”

Genetic characterization of Cryptosporidium in animal and human isolates from Jordan

“…To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of this subtype in sheep. Subtype IIaA16G1R1 has a wide geographic distribution (Xiao, 2010;Robertson et al, 2014) and has recently been detected in calves and humans in Sweden (Insulander et al, 2013;Silverlås et al 2010Silverlås et al , 2013, in humans in Canada (Iqbal et al, 2015), Australia (Koehler et al, 2014), Estonia (Lassen et al, 2014) and Mexico (Valenzuela et al, 2014), dairy cattle in Argentina (Del Coco et al, 2014) and sheep and cattle in Romania (Imre et al 2011;Imre et al, 2013). This subtype of C. parvum also caused an outbreak in Sweden through direct contact between calves and humans (Kinross et al, 2015).…”

Emergência Da Criptosporidiose E Impactos Na Saúde Humana E Animal

“…A incidência global verdadeira não é conhecida (WIDERSTRÖM et al, 2014) e supõe-se que haja uma grande variação de prevalência pois a notificação não é universalmente obrigatória, os métodos de diagnóstico são variados, muitos indivíduos não têm acesso a cuidados médicos ou não o procuram (XIAO & FAYER, 2008;BALDURSSON & KARANIS, 2011). Quando há acesso a unidades de saúde, são poucas as amostragens de pacientes com sintomas gastrointestinais e pedidos para diagnóstico (LASSEN et al, 2014;WIDERSTRÖM et al, 2014).…”