Cryptosporidiosis and surface water.

Abstract

In the period July through October, 1986, 78 laboratory-confirmed cases of cryptosporidiosis were identified in New Mexico. To determine possible risk factors for development of this disease, we conducted a case-control study; 24 case-patients and 46 neighborhood controls were interviewed. Seventeen (71 per cent) of the 24 case-patients were females, seven (29%) were males; their

Comparison of Animal Infectivity and Nucleic Acid Staining for Assessment of Cryptosporidium parvum Viability in Water

“…Oocysts that did not fluoresce or that displayed weak fluorescent intensity when stained with SYTO-9 or SYTO-59 readily established infections in mice, whereas those oocysts that fluoresced brightly did not. Although fluorescent staining profiles varied among different batches of oocysts, a relative cutoff in fluorescent staining intensity that correlated with animal infectivity was observed for all batches.Cryptosporidium parvum is now recognized as a frequent cause of waterborne disease in humans (1,10,16,17,20). A primary means of parasite transmission is via drinking water, through the use of untreated surface water, contaminated distribution systems, or water treatment facilities employing only chlorine disinfection protocols.…”

Human cryptosporidiosis associated with an epizootic in calves.

“…4 Initially this increase was noted in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome' but recent reports indicate that cryptosporidiosis also occurs in immunologically normal persons.6 8 In immunocompetent persons, cryptosporidiosis is manifested as an acute, self-limiting diarrheal illness lasting five to six days.4'6 8 Cases of cryptosporidiosis have been described in travelers,9 residents of day care centers, 0 animal handlers, 81 veterinary students,'2-'4 and following consumption of contaminated community water supplies'5 or surface waters. 16 A previous description of an outbreak of cryptosporidiosis among five veterinary medical students'3 was ascribed to contact with experimentally infected calves. Recently, infection of at least 10 students who had had contact with l-to-3-day-old calves in a laboratory setting was described.…”

Hard Water: Politics and Water Supply in Milwaukee, 1870–1995. By Kate Foss-Mollan. West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University Press, 2001. xi + 218 pp. Illustrations, maps, bibliography, index. $36.95

“…Additionally, the physical location of the business district downhill from the pumping station meant that water could be delivered downtown without resorting to additional pressure pumps. 48 Since water pipes, unlike street paving, cannot be installed piecemeal, the initial distribution system was laid out in a pattern west from the North Avenue pump station to the reservoir and thence southeasterly to the downtown area. As these large mains were installed, neighborhoods adjoining the mains were "encouraged" to subscribe to the water supply.…”

“…The federal study supporting a filtration plant was then adopted by a vote of twenty-four to thirteen. 48 On December 31, the money for filtration studies was appropriated, and Socialist alderman John Doerfler introduced a resolution directing the public works commissioner to appoint a seven-person panel to conduct experiments in water purification and filtration. Doerfler's resolution remained unacted on until March 1918, when Hoan opened his mayoral campaign.…”

“…47 Drinking of untreated surface water was responsible for an outbreak in New Mexico in 1986, as well as in Sheffield, England, the same year. 48 In January 1987, an outbreak affected an estimated 13,000 individuals in a county of 64,900 residents in western Georgia-at that time the single largest waterborne disease outbreak in the United States attributable to an identified agent. 49 Not much is known about the effects of crypto on people either.…”