Cryptosporidiosis Associated with Ozonated Apple Cider

Blackburn, Brian G.; Mazurek, Jacek M.; Hlavsa, Michele C.; Park, Jean; Tillapaw, Matt; Parrish, MaryKay; Salehi, Ellen; Franks, William; Koch, Elizabeth M.; Smith, Forrest; Xiao, Lihua; Arrowood, Michael J.; Hill, Vince; Silva, Alex da; Johnston, Stephanie; Jones, Jeffrey L.

doi:10.3201/eid1204.050796

Cited by 116 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…By contrast, only three isolates from lambs belonged to the most widely distributed subtype family IIa. Namely, two isolates were subtyped as IIaA15G2R1, reported worldwide to be one of the predominant subtypes in calves and the major subtype responsible for zoonotic cryptosporidiosis (1,3,4,6,25,32,34,37,42). This subtype was also previously seen in one sheep in Portugal and three lambs linked to a human infection in the United Kingdom (4,10).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Cryptosporidium Genotypes and Subtypes in Lambs and Goat Kids in Spain

Quílez

Torres

Chalmers

et al. 2008

Appl Environ Microbiol

140

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To provide information on the transmission dynamics of cryptosporidial infections in domestic small ruminants and the potential role of sheep and goats as a source for human cryptosporidiosis, Cryptosporidiumpositive isolates from 137 diarrheic lambs and 17 goat kids younger than 21 days of age were examined by using genotyping and subtyping techniques. Fecal specimens were collected between 2004 and 2006 from 71 sheep and 7 goat farms distributed throughout Aragón (northeastern Spain). Cryptosporidium parvum was the only species identified by restriction analyses of PCR products from small-subunit rRNA genes from all 154 microscopy-positive isolates and the sequencing of a subset of 50 isolates. Sequence analyses of the glycoprotein (GP60) gene revealed extensive genetic diversity within the C. parvum strains in a limited geographical area, in which the isolates from lambs exhibited 11 subtypes in two subtype families (IId and IIa) and those from goat kids displayed four subtypes within the family IId. Most isolates (98%) belonged to the subtype family IId, whereas only three isolates belonged to the most widely distributed family, IIa. Three of the four most prevalent subtypes (IIdA17G1a, IIdA19G1, and IIdA18G1) were previously identified in humans, and five subtypes (IIdA14G1, IIdA15G1, IIdA24G1, IIdA25G1, and IIdA26G1) were novel subtypes. All IId subtypes were identical to each other in the nonrepeat region, except for subtypes IIdA17G1b and IIdA22G1, which differed by a single nucleotide polymorphism downstream of the trinucleotide repeats. These findings suggest that lambs and goat kids are an important reservoir of the zoonotic C. parvum subtype family IId for humans.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Cryptosporidium Genotypes and Subtypes in Lambs and Goat Kids in Spain

Quílez

Torres

Chalmers

et al. 2008

Appl Environ Microbiol

140

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“…Cases of human infection have been reported in Canada (ONG et al, 2002;WONG;ONG, 2006;TROTZ-WILLIAMS et al, 2006), New Zealand (LEARMONTH et al, 2004, United States (FELTUS et al, 2006;BLACKBURN et al, 2006), United Kingdom (LEONI et al, 2006;CHALMERS et al, 2009), andSlovenia (SOBA et al, 2006), among others. The lack of specificity and habitat probably contribute to the widespread distribution of the parasite; the protozoan is routinely found in clear waters, and several animal species release oocysts into the environment (JIANG et al, 2005).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium sp. in sheep

Snak¹,

Smiderle²,

Fernandes³

et al. 2017

SCA

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Considered a zoonosis of utmost importance, cryptosporidiosis has a worldwide distribution and can infect mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. It is caused by a highly resistant protozoan present in the environment and can cause death in immunosuppressed individuals and pups, as well as in farm animals such as cattle and sheep, generating losses. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. in sheep feces from the farms of Western Paraná, which have different management styles, and compare the results with their respective management methods. One hundred and forty-four stool samples were collected (69 from Property 1 and 75 from Property 2) and analyzed using a fecal smear on slides after staining by the modified Ziehl-Neelsen method. Samples tested positive by this method were subjected to nested PCR and the products obtained were sent for sequencing to determine the species. While 82.60% of the samples from Property 1 were tested positive, only 36% of the samples from Property 2 were tested positive. On analyzing the sequencing data, it was observed that the Cryptosporidium species of samples from Property 1 showed high similarity to Cryptosporidium xiaoi and those from Property 2, to Cryptosporidium ubiquitum. The reason for divergence in results can be attributed to differences in management systems adopted by each property, thus showing the importance of detecting carrier animals, as they can contaminate the environment, especially the water sources, and spread the disease to humans and other animals. Key words: Cryptosporidium ubiquitum. Cryptosporidium xiaoi. Nested-PCR. Sheep. Ziehl-Neelsen. ResumoConsiderada uma zoonose de extrema importância, a cryptosporidiose possui distribuição mundial e pode infectar mamíferos, aves, répteis e anfíbios. É causada por um protozoário muito resistente no ambiente, podendo gerar mortes em indivíduos imunossuprimidos e filhotes, principalmente em animais de produção como bovinos e ovinos, gerando prejuízos. O objetivo desse trabalho foi pesquisar a presença de Cryptosporidium spp. em fezes de ovinos de propriedades rurais do Oeste do Paraná, que possuem manejos diferenciados e comparar os resultados encontrados com o respectivo manejo. Foram coletadas 144 amostras de fezes, sendo 69 da Propriedade 1 e 75 da Propriedade 2, analisadas pelo esfregaço de fezes em lâminas após a coloração pelo método de Ziehl-Neelsen modificado. As amostras positivas por esse método foram submetidas à Nested-PCR sendo os produtos obtidos enviados ao sequenciamento para a determinação da espécie. A Propriedade 1 apresentou positividade em 82,60% das amostras, enquanto a Propriedade 2 obteve 36% de amostras positivas. Foi encontrada alta similaridade para Cryptosporidium xiaoi na primeira propriedade e Cryptosporidium ubiquitum na segunda propriedade. A divergência nos resultados pode ser comprovada pela diferente forma de manejo adotada em cada propriedade, mostrando a importância de detectar os animais portadores, uma vez que estes podem contami...

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“…In addition to the studies of transmission of C. parvum in calves, GP60 subtyping was also used in tracking the source of contamination in waterborne and foodborne outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis (Glaberman et al 2002;Xiao et al 2003;Chalmers et al 2005;Blackburn et al 2006;Wheeler et al 2006). Even though in several occasions a direct linkage at the subtype level between outbreak cases and the implicated food or water has been made (Glaberman et al 2002;Blackburn et al 2006), the power of the approach was compromised by the lack of baseline data on the distribution of C. parvum subtypes in the same geographic area.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Even though in several occasions a direct linkage at the subtype level between outbreak cases and the implicated food or water has been made (Glaberman et al 2002;Blackburn et al 2006), the power of the approach was compromised by the lack of baseline data on the distribution of C. parvum subtypes in the same geographic area. A noticeable exception is the investigation of an outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in Ohio in 2003 associated with consumption of ozonated apple cider in Blackburn et al (2006). In this outbreak, two C. parvum subtypes, IIaA15G2R1 and IIaA17G2R1, were found in eight outbreak cases, and the IIaA17G2R1 subtype was further found in epidemiologically implicated apple cider.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of Cryptosporidium parvum subtypes in calves in eastern United States

et al. 2006

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Cryptosporidium parvum DNA from 175 neonatal calves on 16 farms in eight eastern states in the United States was subtyped by sequence analysis of the 60-kDa glycoprotein gene to determinate the parasite genetic diversity. Six subtypes of the IIa subtype family were found. Subtype IIaA15G2R1, which is the predominant C. parvum subtype in calves in many parts of the world, was identified in 77% of the C. parvum DNA from calves. Several farms had more than one C. parvum subtype and a few calves had infections with mixed subtypes. Distribution of subtypes differed geographically. Diversity of C. parvum in calves in eastern United States was lower than that previously seen in Michigan and southern Ontario. The high prevalence of one subtype in calves worldwide and frequent detection of this subtype in humans suggests that parasite fitness probably plays an important role in transmission of cryptosporidiosis among cattle and in zoonotic infections.

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Cryptosporidiosis Associated with Ozonated Apple Cider

Abstract: We linked an outbreak of cryptosporidiosis to ozonated apple cider by using molecular and epidemiologic methods. Because ozonation was insufficient in preventing this outbreak, its use in rendering apple cider safe for drinking is questioned.

Cited by 116 publications

References 13 publications

Cryptosporidium Genotypes and Subtypes in Lambs and Goat Kids in Spain

Cryptosporidium Genotypes and Subtypes in Lambs and Goat Kids in Spain

Occurrence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium sp. in sheep

Distribution of Cryptosporidium parvum subtypes in calves in eastern United States

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