Cryptosporidiosis: Laboratory Investigations and Chemotherapy

Tzipori, Saul

doi:10.1016/s0065-308x(08)60121-9

Cited by 94 publications

(59 citation statements)

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“…At the production level, the kid goats of the Granadina breed born during the autumn are known to present a higher survival ability than those born during the spring (García Navarro et al, 2008), which could be related to the existence of a different degree of parasite infection depending on the kidding season. In addition, asymptomatic adult carriers constitute a high risk factor for humans, especially those with an immunodepressive disorder such as AIDS, due to its potential zoonotic effect (Tzipori, 1998). In conclusion, the findings of the present study reveal a high prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in goats in the studied zone.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 51%

“…This mortality increases when the disease in associated with concurrent infections or deficiencies in nutrition or husbandry (de Graaf et al, 1999). Moreover, Cryptosporidium oocysts excreted with the faeces of infected farm animals can be a source of human infection, and there is a high incidence of the disease in AIDS patients, against which there is no consistently effective treatment (Tzipori, 1998). In goats, infection was first described in Australia in a 2-week-old kid with diarrhoea (Mason et al, 1981).…”

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Prevalence ofCryptosporidiuminfection in goats maintained under semi-extensive feeding conditions in the Southeast of Spain

et al. 2009

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Summary :The aim of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum infection in goats maintained under semiextensive feeding conditions in the southeast of Spain. Four farms took part in the study. Samples were obtained during the autumn and spring kidding seasons. The goats were divided into three groups: group I (0-15 days), group II (> 15 days-2 months) and group III (> 2 months-9 years). Faecal specimens were concentrated and smears of the sediment (25 µl) were stained by the modified Ziehl-Neelsen acid fast technique. Parasite oocysts were identified in all the farms; of the 582 goats, 111 were found to have the parasite in their faeces, i.e. the prevalence was 19.1 %. The frequency distributions of the Cryptosporidium oocyst counts according to the age categories were 10.4 %, 13.4 % and 25.2 % for groups I, II and III respectively. With respect to the kidding season, no differences were found. The present study revealed the high prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in goats in the studied zone. or arid and semi-arid regions of the Mediterranean zone, livestock farming based on extensive or semi-extensive feeding conditions is proposed as the option offering greatest productive possibilities. In this context, the goat is a species of choice because of its ability to adapt to these climatic conditions and thanks to the high value of caprine products, milk and meat (Boza, 2005). However, goats are among the farm animals that are most affected by cryptosporidiosis, and farmers suffer considerable financial losses on this account. Cryptosporidium infection may have an important economic impact on farmers because of high morbidity and sometimes high mortality rates among farm animals (Casemore et al., 1997). This mortality increases when the disease in associated with concurrent infections or deficiencies in nutrition or husbandry (de Graaf et al., 1999). Moreover, Cryptosporidium oocysts excreted with the faeces of infected farm animals can be a source of human infection, and there is a high incidence of the disease in AIDS patients, against which there is no consistently effective treatment (Tzipori, 1998). In goats, infection was first described in Australia in a 2-week-old kid with diarrhoea (Mason et al., 1981). Since then, the infection has been diagnosed in outbreaks of diarrhoea and prevalence in goat kids has been reported in several European countries (Majewska et al., 2000). In Spain Cryptosporidium infection in small ruminants was first diagnosed in 1985 (Rojo Vázquez et al., 1985); subsequently, cryptosporidiosis was reported from different geographical areas (Rojo Vázquez et al., 1987; Matos-Fernández et al., 1993;Castro-Hermida et al., 2007). Taking into account this background and its relevance, the aim of the present study was to estimate the prevalence in relation to age and kidding season of Cryptosporidium infection in goats at randomly selected farms in the southeast of Spain. RésuméArticle available at http://www.parasite-journal.org or http://dx.doi.org/10.1...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 51%

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Prevalence ofCryptosporidiuminfection in goats maintained under semi-extensive feeding conditions in the Southeast of Spain

et al. 2009

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“…The role of C. parvum in diarrhearelated morbidity in AIDS patients and its economic impact on livestock production are now well recognized (13). No approved parasite-specific drugs, vaccines, or immunotherapies for C. parvum are presently available, although recent advances have been reported (4,8,15,17,30,32,35,41,50,57).…”

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Characterization and Formulation of Multiple Epitope-Specific Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies for Passive Immunization against Cryptosporidiosis

2000

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The coccidian parasite Cryptosporidium parvum causes diarrhea in humans, calves, and other mammals. Neither immunization nor parasite-specific pharmaceuticals that are consistently effective against this organism are available. While polyclonal antibodies against whole C. parvum reduce infection, their efficacy and predictability are suboptimal. We hypothesized that passive immunization against cryptosporidiosis could be improved by using neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) targeting functionally defined antigens on the infective stages. We previously reported that the apical complex and surface-exposed zoite antigens CSL, GP25-200, and P23 are critical in the infection process and are therefore rational targets. In the present study, a panel of 126 MAbs generated against affinity-purified CSL, GP25-200, and P23 was characterized to identify the most efficacious neutralizing MAb formulation targeting each antigen. To identify neutralizing MAbs, sporozoite infectivity following exposure to individual MAbs was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Of 126 MAbs evaluated, 47 had neutralizing activity. These were then evaluated individually in oocystchallenged neonatal mice, and 14 MAbs having highly significant efficacy were identified for further testing in formulations. Epitope specificity assays were performed to determine if candidate MAbs recognized the same or different epitopes.

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“…including paromomycin, macrolides (e.g., azithromycin and spiramycin) and albendazole, are partially effective (Mor & Tzipori, 2008;Tzipori, 1998). Clinical evaluations of these drugs have been disappointing, largely because they failed to clear the parasite from patients with HIV/AIDS.…”

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confidence: 99%

Cryptosporidiosis - From Epidemiology to Treatment

Sonia¹

2011

Microbes, Viruses and Parasites in AIDS Process

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Cryptosporidiosis: Laboratory Investigations and Chemotherapy

Cited by 94 publications

References 123 publications

Prevalence ofCryptosporidiuminfection in goats maintained under semi-extensive feeding conditions in the Southeast of Spain

Prevalence ofCryptosporidiuminfection in goats maintained under semi-extensive feeding conditions in the Southeast of Spain

Characterization and Formulation of Multiple Epitope-Specific Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies for Passive Immunization against Cryptosporidiosis

Cryptosporidiosis - From Epidemiology to Treatment

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