Cryptosporidiosis Report of a fatal case complicated by disseminated toxoplasmosis

Stemmermann, Grant N.; Hayashi, Takuji; Glober, Gary A.; Oishi, Noboru; Frankel, Richard I.

doi:10.1016/0002-9343(80)90481-7

Cited by 74 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…After its original identification in animals, the first human Cryptosporidium infections were not reported until 1976 (30,31). By 1980, only seven cases of human cryptosporidiosis had been confirmed (32)(33)(34)(35)(36); five involved immunocompromised patients, and three were fatal. With the exception of one hospital-based survey in Australia (37), cryptosporidiosis in humans remained largely unknown as a primary cause of acute diarrheal disease until the emergence of the global AIDS pandemic, when Cryptosporidium infection became one of the first defining entities of AIDS, before the discovery of the etiologic virus (38).…”

Section: Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Evolution of Respiratory Cryptosporidiosis: Evidence for Transmission by Inhalation

2014

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SUMMARY The protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium infects all major vertebrate groups and causes significant diarrhea in humans, with a spectrum of diseases ranging from asymptomatic to life-threatening. Children and immunodeficient individuals are disproportionately affected, especially in developing countries, where cryptosporidiosis contributes substantially to morbidity and mortality in preschool-age children. Despite the enormous disease burden from cryptosporidiosis, no antiprotozoal agent or vaccine exists for effective treatment or prevention. Cryptosporidiosis involving the respiratory tract has been described for avian species and mammals, including immunocompromised humans. Recent evidence indicates that respiratory cryptosporidiosis may occur commonly in immunocompetent children with cryptosporidial diarrhea and unexplained cough. Findings from animal models, human case reports, and a few epidemiological studies suggest that Cryptosporidium may be transmitted via respiratory secretions, in addition to the more recognized fecal-oral route. It is postulated that transmission of Cryptosporidium oocysts may occur by inhalation of aerosolized droplets or by contact with fomites contaminated by coughing. Delineating the role of the respiratory tract in disease transmission may provide necessary evidence to establish further guidelines for prevention of cryptosporidiosis.

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Section: Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Evolution of Respiratory Cryptosporidiosis: Evidence for Transmission by Inhalation

2014

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“…The number of oocysts shed in stool may fluctuate (4,35,111,112,153,302,342); therefore, it has been recommended that a minimum of three specimens be collected, the same recommendation as for routine ovum and parasite examination (O&P) (64,111). Multiple samples are particularly important when dealing with formed stool specimens, which usually contain fewer oocysts than do diarrheic specimens.…”

Section: Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptosporidiosis

1991

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Before 1982, only eight case reports of human cryptosporidiosis and fewer than 30 papers on Cryptosporidium spp. appeared in the biomedical literature. At that time, cryptosporidiosis was thought to be an infrequent infection in animals and rarely an opportunistic infection in humans. The concept of Cryptosporidium spp. as pathogens has changed dramatically within the past 8 years because of improved diagnostic techniques, increased awareness within the biomedical community, and the development of basic research programs in numerous laboratories. Presently, greater than 1,000 publications including over 400 case reports in the biomedical literature address Cryptosporidium spp. and cryptosporidiosis. Cryptosporidium parvum is now thought to be one of the three most common enteropathogens causing diarrheal illness in humans worldwide, especially in developing countries. It is likely that cryptosporidiosis was previously included in the 25 to 35% of diarrheal illness with unknown etiology. Because of the severity and length of diarrheal illness and because no effective therapy has been identified, cryptosporidiosis is one of the most ominous infections associated with AIDS. The role of C. parvum as an enteropathogen is well established; documentation of its role as a cause of hepatobiliary and respiratory diseases is now appearing in the literature. Our present understanding of the natural history, epidemiology, biology, and immunology of Cryptosporidium spp. as well as the clinical features, pathogenicity, and treatment of cryptosporidiosis are reviewed here.

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“…Bird and Smith (1 980) showed that human Cryptasporidium was morphologically indistinguishable from forms described from other animals. By 1980 further cases had been described in individuals with some clinical evidence of acquired (Weisberger et al: 1979;Stemmermann et al, 1980) or congenital (Lasser et al, 1979) immunodeficiency. Cryptosporidiosis in these patients was confirmed by histological examination of intestinal biopsies.…”

Section: The Infection In Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%