Cryptosporidium – An update with an emphasis on foodborne and waterborne transmission

Zahedi, Alireza; Ryan, Una

doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.08.002

Cited by 120 publications

(111 citation statements)

References 217 publications

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“…There is evidence that due to under-reporting, the true number of cases in the community may be as much as 500 times higher than the numbers estimated based on routine clinical stool isolates (Hall et al 2006). Currently, 43 Cryptosporidium species are considered valid (Bolland et al 2020;Holubová et al 2020;Ježková et al 2020), with the majority of human infections caused by C. hominis and C. parvum, although > 20 species and genotypes have been reported in humans (Feng et al 2018;Zahedi and Ryan 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wastewater-based epidemiology—surveillance and early detection of waterborne pathogens with a focus on SARS-CoV-2, Cryptosporidium and Giardia

et al. 2021

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Waterborne diseases are a major global problem, resulting in high morbidity and mortality, and massive economic costs. The ability to rapidly and reliably detect and monitor the spread of waterborne diseases is vital for early intervention and preventing more widespread disease outbreaks. Pathogens are, however, difficult to detect in water and are not practicably detectable at acceptable concentrations that need to be achieved in treated drinking water (which are of the order one per million litre). Furthermore, current clinical-based surveillance methods have many limitations such as the invasive nature of the testing and the challenges in testing large numbers of people. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE), which is based on the analysis of wastewater to monitor the emergence and spread of infectious disease at a population level, has received renewed attention in light of the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The present review will focus on the application of WBE for the detection and surveillance of pathogens with a focus on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the waterborne protozoan parasites Cryptosporidium and Giardia. The review highlights the benefits and challenges of WBE and the future of this tool for community-wide infectious disease surveillance.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wastewater-based epidemiology—surveillance and early detection of waterborne pathogens with a focus on SARS-CoV-2, Cryptosporidium and Giardia

et al. 2021

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“…Besides the zoonotic C. parvum, the disease is also caused by the anthroponotic C. hominis, which is confined to humans. Recent reports suggest that the majority of water-borne outbreaks, which include recreational and drinking water, are caused by C. hominis, whereas food-borne outbreaks are mostly caused by C. parvum [171]. The disease in humans is self-limiting and may last up to two weeks in healthy immunocompetent individuals.…”

Section: Vaccines Against Bovine Cryptosporidiosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Pursuing effective vaccines against cattle diseases caused by apicomplexan protozoa

Florín-Christensen¹

2021

CABI Reviews

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Apicomplexan parasites are responsible for important livestock diseases that affect the production of much needed protein resources, and those transmissible to humans pose a public health risk. Vaccines, recognized as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly method for the prevention of infectious diseases in livestock, can avert losses in food production and decrease the exposure of humans to zoonotic pathogens. This review focuses on the need for and advances in vaccine development against the apicomplexan parasites Theileria spp., Babesia spp., Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, Eimeria spp., Besnoitia spp., Sarcocystis spp., and Cryptosporidium parvum. Together, the effect of these parasites on the cattle industry worldwide causes an enormous burden, yet they remain poorly controlled and very few effective and practical vaccines against them are available. Vaccine development is hampered by our scarce and limited knowledge of the biology and mechanisms of pathogenesis of these microorganisms, and the absence of correlates of host immune protection. More studies focused on these aspects as well as on the identification of parasite vulnerabilities that can be exploited for vaccine design are needed. Novel "omics" and gene editing approaches in understanding complex parasite biology together with advances in vaccinology will facilitate the development of effective, sustainable, and practical vaccines against cattle diseases caused by apicomplexan parasites. Such vaccines will help prevent animal and human diseases and allow production of enough animal protein to feed the growing human population in the twenty-first century and beyond.

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“…3 This was collected from one adult dog kept in the household. 4 Subtype IeA12G3T3 was identi ed. Table 3.…”

Section: Competing Interestsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Worldwide, Cryptosporidium is considered an important protozoan parasite that causes gastroenteritis in a wide range of animals, including humans [1][2][3][4]. Cryptosporidiosis can lead to severe problems in immunocompromised or young hosts, in both animals and humans [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Epidemiology of Cryptosporidium spp. in an Agricultural Area of Northern Vietnam: A Community Survey

Iwashita

Takemura²,

Tokizawa

et al. 2020

Preprint

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BackgroundCryptosporidium spp. is a protozoan parasite with worldwide distribution that causes cryptosporidiosis in humans and other animals. In the countryside of northern Vietnam, where free-roaming livestock are widespread, cryptosporidiosis is an important zoonotic disease. However, there have been few studies of cryptosporidiosis in Southeast Asia from the perspective of zoonotic disease epidemiology. The purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence of Cryptosporidium infection in both humans and animals and to gain an awareness of the potential threat posed by this zoonotic infection in northern Vietnam.Methods We conducted a community survey to collect information about cases of diarrhea in an agricultural area of northern Vietnam. For this study, a total of 2715 samples (2120 human diarrheal samples, 471 non-diarrheal human samples, and 124 animal stool samples) were collected. A direct immunofluorescence assay (DFA) was used to detect Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in concentrated stool samples by observation under a fluorescent microscope. DNA extraction, PCR amplification of the three genes (COWP, SSU-rRNA, and GP60), and sequencing analysis were performed to identify Cryptosporidium spp.Results Of 2715 samples, 15 samples (10 diarrheal samples, 2 non-diarrheal samples, and 3 animal stool samples) tested positive by PCR for the COWP gene. Three species of Cryptosporidium spp. were detected; C. canis (from six human diarrheal samples, two human non-diarrheal samples, and one dog sample); C. hominis (from four human diarrheal samples); and C. suis (from two pig samples). In terms of C. hominis, the GP60 subtype IeA12G3T3 was detected in all four human diarrheal samples.Conclusions Although the number of positive samples was very small, our epidemiological data showed that the emerging pattern of each of the three species (C. canis, C. hominis, and C. suis) was different at this study site. For example, zoonotic transmission of C. canis, between dogs and humans was suspected. Further studies are needed to assess the risk of oocyst contamination in the wider environment, including water, in this study area.

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Cryptosporidium – An update with an emphasis on foodborne and waterborne transmission

Cited by 120 publications

References 217 publications

Wastewater-based epidemiology—surveillance and early detection of waterborne pathogens with a focus on SARS-CoV-2, Cryptosporidium and Giardia

Wastewater-based epidemiology—surveillance and early detection of waterborne pathogens with a focus on SARS-CoV-2, Cryptosporidium and Giardia

Pursuing effective vaccines against cattle diseases caused by apicomplexan protozoa

Molecular Epidemiology of Cryptosporidium spp. in an Agricultural Area of Northern Vietnam: A Community Survey

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