Cryptosporidium and agriculture: A review

Golomazou, Eleni; Mamedova, Simuzer; Eslahi, Aida Vafae; Karanis, Panagiotis

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170057

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 311 publications

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“…At present, more than 45 species and 120 genotypes of Cryptosporidium have been identified using molecular detection methods. However, partial species can infect humans, and C. hominis and C. parvum are the most common species in humans ( 4 ). To date, there are no effective drugs or vaccines for the prevention and control of cryptosporidiosis ( 5 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus) from Yili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture of Xinjiang, China

Mi,

Silayi,

Wang

et al. 2024

Front. Vet. Sci.

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IntroductionCryptosporidium spp. is a significant zoonotic parasite. The prevalence and infection characteristics of Cryptosporidium spp. in Bactrian camels in Yili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture have yet to be fully understood. Thus, the molecular epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis in camels was investigated in this region.MethodsA total of 1,455 fecal samples were collected from 6 counties in three regions (Altay, Tacheng, and Yili) in Yili Prefecture. Nested PCR targeting the small subunit ribosomal RNA (ssu rRNA) gene was used to identify the species or genotypes of Cryptosporidium infection in camels. For C. parvum positive samples, the subtypes were identified using the 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene.Results and discussionThe overall infection rate was 8.7% (126/1,455), ranging from 5.6% to 11.7% in different regions, and 4.2% to 15.8% in different counties. A significant difference was observed amongst the counties (p < 0.001). Three species were detected, namely C. andersoni (65.1%, 82/126), C. parvum (34.1%, 43/126), and C. occultus (0.8%, 1/126). Three C. parvum subtypes, If-like-A15G2 (n = 29), IIdA15G1 (n = 4), and IIdA19G1(n = 1) were detected, with If-like-A15G2 being the most prevalent subtype. Camels aged 3-12 months exhibited the highest infection rate (11.4%, 44/387), with no significant difference among age groups (p > 0.05). C. parvum was predominant in camels under 3 months, while C. andersoni prevailed in camels over 3 months. There was an extremely significant difference observed among seasons (p < 0.001), summer had the highest infection rates (16.9%, 61/360). This study collected nearly 1,500 samples and, for the first time, investigated Cryptosporidium spp. infection in camels based on different age groups and seasons. All three Cryptosporidiumspecies identified were zoonotic, posing a potential threat to human health and requiring close attention.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus) from Yili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture of Xinjiang, China

Mi,

Silayi,

Wang

et al. 2024

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Farming Activities and Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A French Nationwide Population-based Cohort Study

Petit,

Leroyer,

Chamot

et al. 2024

Journal of Crohn's and Colitis

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Background and Aims Epidemiological data regarding inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are lacking, in particular for occupationally exposed populations. We investigated whether, among the entire French farm manager (FM) workforce, certain agricultural activities are more strongly associated with IBD than others. Methods Nationwide population-based insurance claims and electronic health records from all FMs that worked at least once over the period 2002-2016 were used (n=1088561, 69% males). The outcome measure was the association between 26 farming activities and the risk of IBD, Crohn’s disease (CD), and ulcerative colitis (UC), measured as hazard ratios (HRs), after adjusting for age, sex, pre-existing medical comorbidities, and farm location. The time to first chronic disease declaration was used as the underlying timescale. A model was generated for every activity and disease, utilizing a reference group comprising all FMs who abstained from the specified activity from 2002 to 2016. Results There were 1752 IBD cases, with 704 CD (40.2%) and 1048 UC (59.8%) cases, respectively. Elevated HRs were observed for fruit arboriculture (HR from 1.17 to 1.52) and dairy farming (HR from 1.22 to 1.46) for all IBD, in crop farming for CD only (HR=1.26 [95CI%: 1.06-1.49]), and in shellfish farming (HR from 2.12 to 2.51) for both CD and IBD. Conclusions Further research regarding specific farming activities and exposures likely to modify the microbiota (e.g., pesticides, pathogens) is required to identify potential occupational risk factors (agricultural exposome) for IBD. Exposure to Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, cryptosporidium, environmental toxins, micro/nanoplastics, and pesticides represents promising research avenues.

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Food and Waterborne Cryptosporidiosis from a One Health Perspective: A Comprehensive Review

Ali,

Ji,

et al. 2024

Animals

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A sharp rise in the global population and improved lifestyles has led to questions about the quality of both food and water. Among protozoan parasites, Cryptosporidium is of great importance in this regard. Hence, Cryptosporidium’s associated risk factors, its unique characteristics compared to other protozoan parasites, its zoonotic transmission, and associated economic losses in the public health and livestock sectors need to be focused on from a One Health perspective, including collaboration by experts from all three sectors. Cryptosporidium, being the fifth largest food threat, and the second largest cause of mortality in children under five years of age, is of great significance. The contamination of vegetables, fresh fruits, juices, unpasteurized raw milk, uncooked meat, and fish by Cryptosporidium oocysts occurs through infected food handlers, sewage-based contamination, agricultural effluents, infected animal manure being used as biofertilizer, etc., leading to severe foodborne outbreaks. The only Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug, Nitazoxanide (NTZ), provides inconsistent results in all groups of patients, and currently, there is no vaccine against it. The prime concerns of this review are to provide a deep insight into the Cryptosporidium’s global burden, associated water- and foodborne outbreaks, and some future perspectives in an attempt to effectively manage this protozoal disease. A thorough literature search was performed to organize the most relevant, latest, and quantified data, justifying the title. The estimation of its true burden, strategies to break the transmission pathways and life cycle of Cryptosporidium, and the search for vaccine targets through genome editing technology represent some future research perspectives.

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Cryptosporidium and agriculture: A review

Cited by 4 publications

References 311 publications

Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus) from Yili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture of Xinjiang, China

Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus) from Yili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture of Xinjiang, China

Farming Activities and Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A French Nationwide Population-based Cohort Study

Food and Waterborne Cryptosporidiosis from a One Health Perspective: A Comprehensive Review

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