Cryptosporidium species and subtypes in diarrheal children and HIV-infected persons in Ebonyi and Nsukka, Nigeria

Ukwah, Boniface N.; Ezeonu, Ifeoma M.; Ezeonu, Chinonyelum Thecla; Roellig, Dawn M.; Xiao, Lihua

doi:10.3855/jidc.8034

Cited by 35 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Cryptosporidium infection rate was the highest in the age group of 0–12 months (20.4%). This is in contrast to the peak occurrence of cryptosporidiosis in children of 1–4 years in previous Chinese and African studies ( Chen et al, 1992 ; Squire and Ryan, 2017 ; Ukwah et al, 2017 ). For example, in rural Jiangsu, China, Cryptosporidium infection rates were 3.4–3.63% in healthy children of 1–3 years, compared to 2.3% in children under 1 year ( Chen et al, 1992 ), while in urban and suburban areas of Nigeria, the infection rates were 10.7 and 5.7% in diarrheic children of 1–4 years and under 1 year, respectively ( Ukwah et al, 2017 ).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 96%

“…This is in contrast to the peak occurrence of cryptosporidiosis in children of 1–4 years in previous Chinese and African studies ( Chen et al, 1992 ; Squire and Ryan, 2017 ; Ukwah et al, 2017 ). For example, in rural Jiangsu, China, Cryptosporidium infection rates were 3.4–3.63% in healthy children of 1–3 years, compared to 2.3% in children under 1 year ( Chen et al, 1992 ), while in urban and suburban areas of Nigeria, the infection rates were 10.7 and 5.7% in diarrheic children of 1–4 years and under 1 year, respectively ( Ukwah et al, 2017 ). Similarly, children of 13–24 months had the highest G. duodenalis infection rate, which appears to be different from observations in other studies in China, the Netherlands and Africa ( Dib et al, 2008 ; Ismail et al, 2016 ; Pijnacker et al, 2016 ; Squire and Ryan, 2017 ).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 96%

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Persistent Occurrence of Cryptosporidium hominis and Giardia duodenalis Subtypes in a Welfare Institute

Wang

Guo

et al. 2018

Front. Microbiol.

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Few data are available on the transmission dynamics of intestinal protozoa in children in welfare institutes. In this study, fecal specimens were collected from 396 children in a welfare institute in Shanghai, China during December 2011 (207 specimens), June 2012 (78 specimens), and September 2013 (111 specimens), and examined for Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi by PCR analysis of the small subunit rRNA, triosephosphate isomerase, and internal transcribed spacer genes, respectively. The Cryptosporidium hominis and G. duodenalis assemblage A identified were further subtyped by multilocus sequence typing. Altogether, Cryptosporidium was detected in 39 (9.8%) children, with infection rates of 11.6% (24/207), 9.0% (7/78), and 7.2% (8/111) in December 2011, June 2012, and September 2013, respectively. Infection rates were higher in children of 0–12 months (20.4% compared to 0–7.3% in other age groups, P = 0.0001) and those with diarrhea (17.9% compared to 7.7% in those with no diarrhea, P = 0.006). In contrast, G. duodenalis was detected in 161/396 (40.7%), with infection rates of 48.3% (100/207), 35.9% (28/78), and 29.7% (33/111) in December 2011, June 2012, and September 2013, respectively. There were no significant gender- or diarrhea-associated differences, but the G. duodenalis infection rate in children of 13–24 months (50%) was significantly higher than in the age groups of 0–12 months and > 48 months (29.8–36.5%, P = 0.021). Co-infection of Cryptosporidium and G. duodenalis was seen in 19 (4.8%) children, but no E. bieneusi infection was detected in this study. All Cryptosporidium-positive specimens belonged to the subtype IaA14R4 of C. hominis, while all G. duodenalis-positive specimens belonged to sub-assemblage AII. Both were the same subtypes in a previous outbreak of cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis in a hospital ward hosting children from the welfare institute. Results of the study indicate that there was a persistent occurrence of limited C. hominis and G. duodenalis subtypes in the small enclosed community, with differences in age distribution and association with diarrhea occurrence between cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 96%

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 96%

Persistent Occurrence of Cryptosporidium hominis and Giardia duodenalis Subtypes in a Welfare Institute

Wang

Guo

et al. 2018

Front. Microbiol.

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“…Cryptosporidium viatorum was first described in 2012 from travellers returning to the United Kingdom from the Indian subcontinent ( Elwin et al, 2012 ). Thus far, C. viatorum has been found in people endemic to or returning from the following countries: Bangladesh, Barbados, Colombia, Ethiopia, Guatemala, India, Kenya, Nepal, Nigeria and Pakistan ( Elwin et al, 2012 , Insulander et al, 2013 , Lebbad et al, 2013 , Adamu et al, 2014 , Ayinmode et al, 2014 , Stensvold et al, 2015 , de Lucio et al, 2016 , Sanchez et al, 2017 , Ukwah et al, 2017 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Clinical symptoms associated with cryptosporidiosis linked to C. viatorum from Swedish and British-based travellers to Bangladesh, Guatemala, India, Kenya, Nepal and Pakistan have included diarrhoea, abdominal pain, nausea, fever, headache, vomiting and marked weight loss, with illness lasting from 9 to 30 days ( Elwin et al, 2012 , Lebbad et al, 2013 ). Other studies reporting C. viatorum infection were in HIV-positive patients or children; the symptoms could either not be distinguished or were not recorded ( Adamu et al, 2014 , Ayinmode et al, 2014 , de Lucio et al, 2016 , Sanchez et al, 2017 , Ukwah et al, 2017 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptosporidium viatorum from the native Australian swamp rat Rattus lutreolus - An emerging zoonotic pathogen?

Koehler

Wang

Haydon

et al. 2018

International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife

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Cryptosporidium viatorum is a globally distributed pathogenic species of Cryptosporidium that has only ever been recorded from humans, until now. For the first time, we molecularly characterised a novel subtype of C. viatorum (subtype XVbA2G1) from the endemic Australian swamp rat (Rattus lutreolus) using the small subunit of nuclear ribosomal RNA (SSU) gene and then subtyped it using the 60-kilodalton glycoprotein (gp60) gene. In total, faecal samples from 21 swamp rats (three were positive for C. viatorum), three broad toothed rats (Mastacomys fuscus) and two bush rats (Rattus fuscipes) were tested for Cryptosporidium. The long-term, isolated nature of the swamp rat population in Melbourne's drinking water catchment system (where public access is prohibited), the lack of C. viatorum from other mammals and birds living within the vicinity of this system and its genetic distinctiveness in both the SSU and gp60 gene sequences from other species of Cryptosporidium collectively suggest that C. viatorum might be endemic to native rats in Australia. The current state of knowledge of epidemiological surveys of Cryptosporidium of rats and the zoonotic potential are further discussed in light of the finding of C. viatorum. Long-term studies, with the capacity to repetitively sample a variety of hosts in multiple localities, in different seasons and years, will allow for greater insight into the epidemiological patterns and zoonotic potential of rare Cryptosporidium species such as C. viatorum.

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“…The square indicates C. occultus identified from a stool DNA sample in this study Note: These data are based on molecular methods C. viatorum, previously believed to be a human-specific pathogen, was first isolated from travelers returning to Britain from India in 2012 [45]. C. viatorum has since been identified in people from or who travelled to Bangladesh, Barbados, Colombia, Dubai, Ethiopia, Guatemala, India, Kenya, Nepal, Nigeria, Pakistan and Australia [20,23,[45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53]. Recently, researchers in Australia and China identified C. viatorum in rats, underlining its zoonotic potential [54,55].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

First report of Cryptosporidium viatorum and Cryptosporidium occultus in humans in China, and of the unique novel C. viatorum subtype XVaA3h

Liu

Jiang

et al. 2020

BMC Infect Dis

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Background: Cryptosporidium is a genus of common intestinal protozoa, members of which cause diarrhea in a wide variety of hosts. Previous studies on Cryptosporidium in China have mainly focused on diarrhea sufferers, children, and immunodeficient individuals such as HIV/AIDS patients. However, the epidemiological characteristics of Cryptosporidium in the population in rural areas remain unclear. Herein, we investigated the prevalence of, and risk factors for, Cryptosporidium in rural areas of Binyang County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China, and genetically characterized the Cryptosporidium isolates we obtained.Methods: From August to December 2016, two villages in Binyang County, Guangxi, were sampled using a random cluster sampling method. Fresh fecal samples were collected from all eligible residents (residence time > 6 months). Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium was carried out based on its SSU rRNA, gp60, actin and hsp70 gene sequences. Fisher's exact test were conducted to assess the risk factors for Cryptosporidium infection. Results: A total of 400 fecal samples were collected from 195 males (48.8%) and 205 females (51.2%). Two samples (0.5%) were positive for Cryptosporidium and were identified as C. viatorum and C. occultus respectively. Moreover, a new C. viatorum subtype XVaA3h was identified based on the sequence of the gp 60 gene. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. viatorum and C. occultus infections in humans in China and of C. viatorum subtype XVaA3h. The findings provide important information on the prevalence of Cryptosporidium in the Chinese population, and expand the range of Cryptosporidium species known to infect people in China.

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Cryptosporidium species and subtypes in diarrheal children and HIV-infected persons in Ebonyi and Nsukka, Nigeria

Cited by 35 publications

References 21 publications

Persistent Occurrence of Cryptosporidium hominis and Giardia duodenalis Subtypes in a Welfare Institute

Persistent Occurrence of Cryptosporidium hominis and Giardia duodenalis Subtypes in a Welfare Institute

Cryptosporidium viatorum from the native Australian swamp rat Rattus lutreolus - An emerging zoonotic pathogen?

First report of Cryptosporidium viatorum and Cryptosporidium occultus in humans in China, and of the unique novel C. viatorum subtype XVaA3h

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