Crystal growth and characterization of titanium-doped near-stoichiometric LiNbO3

Near-stoichiometric Ti:LiNbO 3 strip waveguide with varied substrate refractive index in waveguide layer

“…where n cLN e,o and n sLN e,o are the indices at the congruent (48.4 mol%) and stoichiometric (50 mol%) composition, respectively; and d e,o is the profile parameter having the same value of 5.6 µm in both cases. Nakamura et al [7] have reported that both the ordinary and extraordinary refractive index changes induced by Ti dopant in bulk Ti-doped near-stoichiometric LiNbO 3 crystal increase linearly with Ti-concentration. In parallel, Hellwig et al [8] have reported similar result on near-stoichiometric MgO:Ti:LiNbO 3 planar waveguides.…”

“…From the Ti surface concentration given above and the linear relationships of the ∆n o and ∆n e with the Ticoncentration, [7] ∆n o (1545 nm) and ∆n e (1545 nm) of our near-stoichiometric waveguide are evaluated to be 0.01 and 0.034, respectively. On the other hand, one can see from Fig.…”