Crystallization and Precipitation

Abstract

The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. System Properties 2.1. Solutions and Solubility 2.2. Saturation and Supersaturation 2.3. Crystal Size and Solubility 2.4. Effect of Impurities 3. Phase Equilibria 3.1. One‐Component Systems 3.2. Two‐Component Systems 3.2.1. Eutectics 3.2.2. Solid Solutions 3.2.3. Compound Formation 3.3. Three‐Component Systems 3.4. Multicomponent Systems 3.5. Phase Transformations 4. Kinetics and Mechanisms of Crystallization 4.1. Crystal Nucleation 4.1.1. Primary Nucleation 4.1.2. Secondary Nucleation 4.1.3. Nucleation Measurements 4.1.4. Induction Periods 4.2. Crystal Growth 4.2.1. Measurement of Growth Rate 4.2.2. Expression of Growth Rate 4.2.3. Dependence of Growth Rate on Crystal Size 4.3. Growth ‐ Nucleation Interactions 4.4. Crystal Habit Modification 4.5. Inclusions in Crystals 4.6. Caking of Crystals 5. Crystallization from Solutions 5.1. Cooling Crystallizers 5.1.1. Nonagitated Vessels 5.1.2. Agitated Vessels 5.1.3. Direct‐Contact Cooling 5.2. Evaporating Crystallizers 5.3. Vacuum (Adiabatic Cooling) Crystallizers 5.4. Continuous Crystallizers 5.5. Crystal Yield 5.6. Controlled Crystallization 5.7. Comparison of Batch and Continuous Crystallization 5.8. Crystallizer Modeling and Design 5.8.1. Population Balance 5.8.2. Design and Scaleup Problems 6. Crystallization from Melts 6.1. Single Stage Processes 6.2. Multistage Processes 6.3. Column Crystallizers 6.4. High‐Pressure Crystallization 6.5. Prilling and Granulation 7. Crystallization from Vapors 8. Precipitation 8.1. Solubility Products 8.2. Ostwald's Rule of Stages 8.3. Development of Precipitates 8.3.1. Ripening 8.3.2. Agglomeration 8.3.3. Precipitate Morphology 8.3.4. Coprecipitation 8.4. Precipitation Techniques 8.4.1. Reaction Precipitation 8.4.2. Salting Out 8.5. Precipitation Methods and Equipment 9. Fractional Crystallization 9.1. Recrystallization from Solutions 9.2. Recrystallization from Melts 9.3. Recrystallization Schemes 9.4. Recrystallization from Supercritical Fluids 9.5. Separation of Enantiomers and Racemates 10. Miscellaneous Crystallization Techniques 10.1. Salting‐Out Crystallization 10.2. Reaction Crystallization 10.3. Adductive and Extractive Crystallization 10.4. Spray Crystallization 10.5. Spherical Crystallization 10.6. Freeze Crystallization

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