Crystallization of Polypropylene and Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate)

Bicerano, Jozef

doi:10.1080/15583729808546029

Cited by 52 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 84 publications

(245 reference statements)

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“…In contrast, the extensive literature on the crystallization of PET was the subject of a recent review, 15 and crystallization of PEN has also been studied. 16,17 These polymers crystallize from the melt or from the quenched amorphous glass if it is heated above the glass transition (cold crystallization).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Crystallization kinetics and crystalline morphology of poly(ethylene naphthalate) and poly(ethylene terephthalate‐co‐bibenzoate)

Rogunova

Schiraldi³

et al. 2002

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Copolymers of ethylene glycol with 4,4Ј-bibenzoic acid and terephthalic acid are known to crystallize rapidly to surprisingly high levels of crystallinity. To understand this unusual behavior, the isothermal crystallization of poly(ethylene bibenzoate-co-terephthalate) in the molar ratio 55:45 (PETBB55) was studied. Poly(ethylene naphthalate) (PEN) was included in the study for comparison. The kinetics of isothermal crystallization from the melt and from the amorphous glass was determined using differential thermal analysis. The results were correlated with the crystalline morphology as observed with atomic force microscopy (AFM). Crystallization of PEN exhibited similar kinetics and spherulitic morphology regardless of whether it was cooled from the melt or heated from the glass to the crystallization temperature. The Avrami coefficient was close to 3 for heterogeneous nucleation with 3-dimensional crystal growth. The copolymer PETBB55 crystallized much faster than did PEN and demonstrated different crystallization habits from the melt and from the glass. From the melt, PETBB55 crystallized in the "normal" way with spherulitic growth and an Avrami coefficient of 3. However, crystallization from the glass produced a granular crystalline morphology with an Avrami coefficient of 2. A quasi-ordered melt state, close to liquid crystalline but lacking the order of a recognizable mesophase, was proposed to explain the unusual crystallization characteristics of PETBB55. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 98 -115, 2002

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Crystallization kinetics and crystalline morphology of poly(ethylene naphthalate) and poly(ethylene terephthalate‐co‐bibenzoate)

Rogunova

Schiraldi³

et al. 2002

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…Less is known about copolymers with higher α‐olefins. With conventional Ziegler–Natta catalysts, comonomer incorporation is not uniform 6, 7. The lower molecular weight fractions contain a higher percentage of comonomer and exhibit considerable solubility in hydrocarbons.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Classification of homogeneous copolymers of propylene and 1‐octene based on comonomer content

Poon

Rogunova

Chum

et al. 2004

J Polym Sci B Polym Phys

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The solid‐state structure and properties of homogeneous copolymers of propylene and 1‐octene were examined. Based on the combined observations from melting behavior, dynamic mechanical response, morphology with primarily atomic force microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and tensile deformation, a classification scheme with four distinct categories is proposed. The homopolymer constitutes Type IV. It is characterized by large α‐positive spherulites with thick lamellae, good lamellar organization, and considerable secondary crystallization. Copolymers with up to 5 mol % octene, with at least 28 wt % crystallinity, are classified as Type III. Like the homopolymer, these copolymers crystallize as α‐positive spherulites, however, they have smaller spherulites and thinner lamellae. Both Type IV and Type III materials exhibit thermoplastic behavior characterized by yielding with formation of a sharp neck, cold drawing, strong strain hardening, and small recovery. Copolymers classified as Type II have between 5 and 10 mol % octene with crystallinity in the range of 15–28%. Type II materials have smaller impinging spherulites and thinner lamellae than Type III copolymers. Moreover, the spherulites are α‐negative, meaning that they exhibit very little crystallographic branching. These copolymers also contain predominately α‐phase crystallinity. The materials in this category have plastomeric behavior. They form a diffuse neck upon yielding and exhibit some recovery. Type I copolymers have more than 10 mol % octene and less than 15% crystallinity. They exhibit a granular texture with the granules often assembled into beaded strings that resemble poorly developed lamellae. Type I copolymers crystallize predominantly in the mesophase. Materials belonging to this class deform with a very diffuse neck and also exhibit some recovery. They are identified as elastoplastomers. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 4357–4370, 2004

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“…In addition, by the copolymerization of RS and HQ with DCBN, the obtained copolymers HQ/RS‐PEN is also a crystalline polymer with the glass transition temperature of 136 °C and melting temperature of 328 °C. Although crystallinity and crystal morphologies of the polymers can affect the mechanical and thermal properties of them directly, and determine the final application of these materials, the studies of the crystallinity and crystal morphologies of PEN based polymers are seldom reported.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crystallinity of poly(arylene ether nitrile) copolymers containing hydroquinone and bisphenol A segments

Tong

Wang

et al. 2018

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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The hydroquinone (HQ) and bisphenol A (BPA) type poly(arylene ether nitrile) (PEN) (HQ/BPA-PEN) were synthesized through nucleophilic aromatic substitution polymerization from HQ, BPA, and 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (DCBN). The prepared copolymers were characterized by intrinsic viscosity, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and dynamic rheological analysis. The properties of resultant copolymers were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and mechanical testing. The results showed that the PEN copolymers exhibited crystallization performance with excellent thermal and mechanical properties. HQ/BPA-PEN10 was made into films by solution-casting process and then were treated at different temperatures (200, 260, 280, 300, 310, and 320 8C) for different times (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 h) to investigate the crystallinity. Results showed that when isothermal treatment temperature is 310 8C and isothermal treating time is 4 h, HQ/BPA-PEN10 showed best properties. At this condition, the melting enthalpy, crystallinity, tensile strength, and elongation at break of the sample is 17.7 J/g, 14.11%, 132.9 MPa, and 6.1%, respectively.

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Crystallization of Polypropylene and Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate)

Cited by 52 publications

References 84 publications

Crystallization kinetics and crystalline morphology of poly(ethylene naphthalate) and poly(ethylene terephthalate‐co‐bibenzoate)

Crystallization kinetics and crystalline morphology of poly(ethylene naphthalate) and poly(ethylene terephthalate‐co‐bibenzoate)

Classification of homogeneous copolymers of propylene and 1‐octene based on comonomer content

Crystallinity of poly(arylene ether nitrile) copolymers containing hydroquinone and bisphenol A segments

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