Crystallization of sodium sulfate phases in porous materials: The phase diagram Na2SO4–H2O and the generation of stress

Steiger, Michael; Asmussen, Sönke

doi:10.1016/j.gca.2008.05.053

Cited by 341 publications

(234 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…2) because of a phase change from the anhydrate present in the dry state (thenardite, Na 2 SO 4 ) to the decahydrate present in the wet state (mirabilite, Na 2 SO 4 ?10H 2 O). Thenardite dissolves during impregnation, which creates a high supersaturation with respect to mirabilite that makes it possible for mirabilite to exert a high crystallization pressure during its growth [37][38][39][40][41] . No damage is observed during the drying phase 7 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chemo-mechanics of salt damage in stone

et al. 2014

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Many porous materials are damaged by pressure exerted by salt crystals growing in their pores. This is a serious issue in conservation science, geomorphology, geotechnical engineering and concrete materials science. In all cases, a central question is whether crystallization pressure will cause damage. Here we present an experiment in which the crystallization pressure and the pore saturation are varied in a controlled way. We demonstrate that a strain energy failure criterion can be used to predict when damage will occur. The experiment considered is the most widely used means to study the susceptibility to salt crystallization, so quantification of this test has far-reaching implications.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…K sp,T and K sp,M are the thermodynamic solubility products of thenardite and mirabilite, respectively. RH sat,T is the deliquescence relative humidity of thenardite and is determined from the water activity in a nonideal solution calculation using Pitzer coefficients suited for particularly high concentrations 41 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemo-mechanics of salt damage in stone

et al. 2014

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“…The mechanisms of salt damage to porous materials have been extensively studied in recent years. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] The intensity of stress and damage depends strongly on salt type, environmental conditions, and material properties, such as porosity and mineralogy; however, the interactions between these factors are not fully understood 16,17 and therefore prediction and prevention of salt damage are still not possible.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a nonequilibrium state, a high transient crystallization pressure can be exerted due to crystal growth in the presence of high supersaturation ratios. 5,8,12,27 Growth of crystals consumes the supersaturation, and so the crystallization pressure decreases as equilibrium is established. However, as long as supersaturation exists between crystal and pore wall, the crystals can exert stresses on the pore walls.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A solution saturated with thenardite is significantly supersaturated with respect to sodium sulfate decahydrate (Na 2 SO 4 Á10H 2 O, mirabilite, 219.8 cm mirabilite precipitates, eventually resulting in damage. 7,12,28,29 Wetting-drying cycles of sodium sulfate impregnated stones are frequently used in laboratory studies of salt decay of rocks 3,30 (and many other references summarized by Evans 1 ) and in durability tests of construction materials. 31,32 In this work, we investigate the stress evolution in two limestones with different pore structures: Indiana limestone (IL) and Cordova Cream limestone (CCL), during the crystallization of sodium sulfate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The chemomechanics of crystallization during rewetting of limestone impregnated with sodium sulfate

et al. 2011

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Breakdown of porous materials by salts occurs when growing crystals exert pressure on the pore walls, inducing stress in the material that exceeds its tensile strength. In this work, we quantify the mechanical stresses caused by a particularly destructive mechanism: the dissolution of an anhydrate (thenardite, Na 2 SO 4 ) followed by precipitation of a hydrated salt (mirabilite, Na 2 SO 4 Á10H 2 O). Stresses are measured using a composite specimen consisting of a plate of glass bonded to a plate of limestone (CaCO 3 ) whose pores are impregnated with thenardite. As water wicks into the limestone, thenardite dissolves and mirabilite precipitates. The limestone expands from the pressure exerted by the salt resulting in deflection of the composite, and the stresses can be obtained from an elastic analysis. Synchrotron x-ray diffraction reveals the dissolution-crystallization rate. Numerical modeling shows that the stresses are affected by the kinetics of crystallization and dissolution, permeability, and mechanical properties of the stone, allowing us to determine the amount of salt that causes material fracture.

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Thermodynamics and Salt Crystallization Kinetics

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2024

Salt Crystallization in Porous Media

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Crystallization of sodium sulfate phases in porous materials: The phase diagram Na2SO4–H2O and the generation of stress

Cited by 341 publications

References 56 publications

Chemo-mechanics of salt damage in stone

Chemo-mechanics of salt damage in stone

The chemomechanics of crystallization during rewetting of limestone impregnated with sodium sulfate

Thermodynamics and Salt Crystallization Kinetics

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