Crystallization of Vulcanized Rubber

Bekkedahl, Norman; Wood, Lawrence A.

doi:10.1021/ie50375a023

Cited by 64 publications

(35 citation statements)

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“…It surely explains why other techniques, such as volume change, stress relaxation or birefringence were widely used for decades to study SIC. 7,9,66,67 In the next section, we will see how the major drawback of WAXD performed with a conventional x-ray source, namely the long exposure times, can be overcome thanks to synchrotron radiation.…”

Section: During a Tension-retraction Test With A Conventional X-ramentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Note that unstrained NR can also crystallize by cooling; this phenomenon is called thermally induced crystallization (TIC), or "cold" crystallization and was studied for example by Bekkedahl and Wood in the 1940s. 7,8 They used the volume change technique to study the kinetics of this kind of crystallization. In particular, they established that the maximal crystallization rate of unstretched rubber takes place at approximately − 25…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many experimental techniques were used over the years to investigate the crystallization of NR under strain: volume change, [7][8][9][10] stress relaxation, 9 transmission electron microscopy, 11,12 differential scanning calorimetry, 13 birefringence, 14,15 nuclear magnetic resonance, 5,16 or Raman spectroscopy. 17 Nevertheless, the present review will be limited to wide-angle x-ray diffraction (WAXD) studies of SIC, from the pioneering works to the most recent studies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Strain-Induced Crystallization of Natural Rubber: A Review of X-Ray Diffraction Investigations

Huneau

2011

Rubber Chemistry and Technology

213

149

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Strain-induced crystallization of natural rubber was discovered in 1925 by the means of x-ray diffraction and has been widely investigated by this technique until today. The studies devoted to the structure of the crystalline phase of natural rubber are first reviewed. This structure is strongly anisotropic and can be related to the exceptionally good strength and fatigue properties of this material. The relationships between strain-induced crystallization of natural rubber and its mechanical response, during static or tension-retraction tests, are also reviewed and discussed; in particular, the hysteresis of the stress-strain curve is mainly explained by strain-induced crystallization. The kinetics of crystallization under both static and cyclic deformation is also discussed, as well as the influence of different factors, depending either on material composition (crosslink density, carbon black fillers) or on external parameters (temperature, strain rate. . . )

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Section: During a Tension-retraction Test With A Conventional X-ramentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Strain-Induced Crystallization of Natural Rubber: A Review of X-Ray Diffraction Investigations

Huneau

2011

Rubber Chemistry and Technology

213

149

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“…9 They applied dilatometry (namely, volume measurements) to monitor the development of crystallization. In this work, two important features on the crystallization of unstretched samples of crosslinked NR were presented.…”

Section: Experimental Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These results are consistent with the classic experimental studies. 9,11 Tosaka et al 50,51 studied SIC and corresponding stress relaxation during the shorter time ranging ca. 8 s to 30 min for NR and IR samples with various .…”

Section: Crystallization Under Constant Strainmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strain-Induced Crystallization of Crosslinked Natural Rubber As Revealed by X-ray Diffraction Using Synchrotron Radiation

Tosaka

2007

Polym J

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ABSTRACT:Strain-induced crystallization (SIC) of natural rubber (NR) has been extensively studied even before the advent of macromolecular physics. However, there are still some unsolved basic issues in this field. In this review article, classic studies on SIC of NR are briefly introduced, and then recent results by synchrotron X-ray diffraction studies in separate papers by different authors are categorized and interpreted on the basis of molecular models. Cyclic deformation experiments provided information on partial orientation of the network-chains, on nucleation and morphological changes of crystals and on stress field around the strain-induced crystals. On the other hand, experiments under constant strain provided information on kinetics of SIC, on stress relaxation due to SIC, and so on. The experimental results could be explained under the assumption that the SIC is dominated by strain, and that the crystals are of foldedchain type. However, in order to consistently explain the various experimental results, we have to establish a unified molecular model of the network structure. [doi:10.1295/polymj.PJ2007059] KEY WORDS Network-chain Density / Crosslinking / Supercooling / Entropy / Rubber Elasticity / Crystallite Size / Entanglement / Natural rubber (NR) from Hevea latex is an indispensable material for many industrial and household applications, 1 which is constituted of cis-1,4-polyisoprene (ca. 94%) and non-rubber components such as proteins (ca. 2%) and lipid (ca. 3%).2 The versatility of the plant-derived NR is mainly due to its outstanding tensile properties and the good crack growth resistance. We still cannot reproduce the good performance of the NR products using synthetic cis-1,4-polyisoprene rubber (IR). The superiority of NR has been thought to originate from its ability to crystallize immediately by expansion; by contrast, crystallinity of IR is not as high as NR because of the lower regularity of the main-chain structure. 2,3 In this context, straininduced crystallization (SIC) of NR has been extensively studied even before the advent of macromolecular physics.

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Kristallisation in synthetischen linearen Hochpolymeren 7. Mitteilung über Polyurethane

Brenschede

1950

Zeitschrift für Elektrochemie und angewandte physikalische Chem

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Synthetische lineare Hochpolymere lassen sich durch schnelles Abkühlen aus dem Schmelzfluß in einen glasartigen Zustand überführen, aus dem heraus durch Tempern fortschreitende Kristallisation erfolgen kann. Beobachtungen des Röntgendiagrammes, der Dichte und insbesondere der Doppelbrechung beim Tempern unterkühlen Polyurethans führen zu näheren Vorstellungen über die Zunahme kristalliner Ordnung in Hochpolymeren. Danach geht dieser Vorgang nicht so vor sich, daß starr verankerte Keime in eine amorphe Umgebung hineinwachsen, sondern es erfolgt gruppenweise ein spontaner Zusammenschluß benachbarter vorgeordneter Bereiche unter Hineindrehen in eine gemeinsame Richtung.

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Crystallization of Vulcanized Rubber

Abstract: In cold climates some rubber products have been observed to undergo slowly a great increase in rigidity and permanent set.

Cited by 64 publications

References 10 publications

Strain-Induced Crystallization of Natural Rubber: A Review of X-Ray Diffraction Investigations

Strain-Induced Crystallization of Natural Rubber: A Review of X-Ray Diffraction Investigations

Strain-Induced Crystallization of Crosslinked Natural Rubber As Revealed by X-ray Diffraction Using Synchrotron Radiation

Kristallisation in synthetischen linearen Hochpolymeren 7. Mitteilung über Polyurethane

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