Csac – The Chip-Scale Atomic Clock

Lutwak, Robert; Rashed, Ahmed Nabih Zaki; Mathai, Varghese; Tepolt, Gary; LeBlanc, John Randolph; Mescher, Mark J.; Serkland, Darwin K.; Geib, K.M.; Peake, Gregory M.

doi:10.1142/9789812838223_0057

Cited by 19 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The inversion temperature, expected to be theoretically independent of the buffer gas pressure, is measured to be about 808C for two different samples. A proposal to develop chip scale atomic clocks with improved long-term frequency stability, simpler configuration (a single buffer gas instead of a buffer gas mixture) and then relaxed constraints on pressure accuracy during the cell filling procedure is presented.Introduction: In the last decade, the significant advances in micromachining technologies and semiconductor lasers combined with the coherent population trapping phenomenon [1] has allowed the development of chip scale atomic clocks (CSAC) [2,3]. These miniature time references, exhibiting typical frequency stability of the order of 10 210 at 1 s and 10 211 at 1000 s to 1 day for a volume of a few tens of cm 3 and a power consumption of 150 mW, are of great interest in various portable battery-operated applications, such as navigation receivers and telecommunication systems.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Introduction: In the last decade, the significant advances in micromachining technologies and semiconductor lasers combined with the coherent population trapping phenomenon [1] has allowed the development of chip scale atomic clocks (CSAC) [2,3]. These miniature time references, exhibiting typical frequency stability of the order of 10 210 at 1 s and 10 211 at 1000 s to 1 day for a volume of a few tens of cm 3 and a power consumption of 150 mW, are of great interest in various portable battery-operated applications, such as navigation receivers and telecommunication systems.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These miniature time references, exhibiting typical frequency stability of the order of 10 210 at 1 s and 10 211 at 1000 s to 1 day for a volume of a few tens of cm 3 and a power consumption of 150 mW, are of great interest in various portable battery-operated applications, such as navigation receivers and telecommunication systems.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Quadratic dependence on temperature of Cs 0–0 hyperfine resonance frequency in single Ne buffer gas microfabricated vapour cell

et al. 2010

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Presented is the observation of a quadratic temperature dependence of the Cs 0 -0 ground state hyperfine resonance frequency in a single Neon (Ne) buffer gas vapour microcell. The inversion temperature, expected to be theoretically independent of the buffer gas pressure, is measured to be about 808C for two different samples. A proposal to develop chip scale atomic clocks with improved long-term frequency stability, simpler configuration (a single buffer gas instead of a buffer gas mixture) and then relaxed constraints on pressure accuracy during the cell filling procedure is presented.Introduction: In the last decade, the significant advances in micromachining technologies and semiconductor lasers combined with the coherent population trapping phenomenon [1] has allowed the development of chip scale atomic clocks (CSAC) [2,3]. These miniature time references, exhibiting typical frequency stability of the order of 10 210 at 1 s and 10 211 at 1000 s to 1 day for a volume of a few tens of cm 3 and a power consumption of 150 mW, are of great interest in various portable battery-operated applications, such as navigation receivers and telecommunication systems.The heart of these miniature frequency standards usually consists of a microfabricated alkali vapour cell, formed in a wafer of silicon with glasses bonded to both sides. The cell is filled with buffer gases in order to prevent wall relaxation, increase the atom -light interaction time, and reduce the Doppler broadening [4]. Nevertheless, slight interactions taking place between alkali atoms and buffer gases cause a frequency shift of the hyperfine transition of the atom. This shift Dn, of the order of several hundreds of Hz per Torr, is expected to be dependent on the nature of the gas, pressure and operating temperature T, and can be expressed as in [5]:

show abstract

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Quadratic dependence on temperature of Cs 0–0 hyperfine resonance frequency in single Ne buffer gas microfabricated vapour cell

et al. 2010

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The RIN is measured to be 1 × 10 −11 Hz −1 at 10 Hz and 5 × 10 −15 Hz −1 at 10 kHz Fourier frequencies. The frequency noise of the VCSEL is known to be one of the main limitations to the short-term frequency stability of miniature atomic clocks [14], due to frequency-to-amplitude noise conversion in the atomic vapor that degrades the clock's signal-to-noise ratio [5,15]. As a second effect, the laser frequency noise also limits the frequency stability achievable for the frequency-stabilized laser, which at longer integration times can result in significant clock instability contributions via the frequency light-shift effect [16], as detailed in the following.…”

Section: Laser Noise and Dynamicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metrological characterization of custom-designed 8946 nm VCSELs for miniature atomic clocks

Gruet¹,

Al-Samaneh²,

Kroemer³

et al. 2013

Opt. Express

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract:We report on the characterization and validation of customdesigned 894.6 nm vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs), for use in miniature Cs atomic clocks based on coherent population trapping (CPT). The laser relative intensity noise (RIN) is measured to be 1 × 10 −11 Hz −1 at 10 Hz Fourier frequency, for a laser power of 700 μW. The VCSEL frequency noise is 10 13 · f −1 Hz 2 /Hz in the 10 Hz < f < 10 5 Hz range, which is in good agreement with the VCSEL's measured fractional frequency instability (Allan deviation) of ≈ 1 × 10 −8 at 1 s, and also is consistent with the VCSEL's typical optical linewidth of 20-25 MHz. The VCSEL bias current can be directly modulated at 4.596 GHz with a microwave power of −6 to +6 dBm to generate optical sidebands for CPT excitation. With such a VCSEL, a 1.04 kHz linewidth CPT clock resonance signal is detected in a microfabricated Cs cell filled with Ne buffer gas. These results are compatible with state-of-the-art CPT-based miniature atomic clocks exhibiting a short-term frequency instability of 2-3×10 −11 at τ = 1 s and few 10 −12 at τ = 10 4 s integration time.

show abstract

“…In this case, it has been shown experimentally that the inversion temperature does not depend on the buffer gas pressure [14] as expected theoretically. This result could be of great interest for the development of simple configuration Cs CPT chip scale atomic clocks (CSAC) [15,16] operating typically in this temperature range.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First-order cancellation of the Cs clock frequency temperature-dependence in Ne-Ar buffer gas mixture

Boudot¹,

Miletic²,

Dziuban³

et al. 2011

Opt. Express

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Through the detection of Coherent Population Trapping (CPT) resonances, we demonstrate the temperature-dependence cancellation of the Cs clock frequency in microfabricated vapor cells filled with a mixture of Ne and Ar. The inversion temperature at which the Cs clock frequency temperature sensitivity is greatly reduced only depends on the partial pressure of buffer gases and is measured to be lower than 80 • C as expected with simple theoretical calculations. These results are important for the development of state-of-the-art Cs vapor cell clocks with improved long-term frequency stability.

show abstract

Csac – The Chip-Scale Atomic Clock

Cited by 19 publications

References 0 publications

Quadratic dependence on temperature of Cs 0–0 hyperfine resonance frequency in single Ne buffer gas microfabricated vapour cell

Quadratic dependence on temperature of Cs 0–0 hyperfine resonance frequency in single Ne buffer gas microfabricated vapour cell

Metrological characterization of custom-designed 8946 nm VCSELs for miniature atomic clocks

First-order cancellation of the Cs clock frequency temperature-dependence in Ne-Ar buffer gas mixture

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About