“…Pressure from stakeholders such as investors, regulators, and the public causes firms to engage in environmental, social, and governance (ESG, hereafter) initiatives (Cicchiello et al, 2023). While such pressure can be argued to be a source for firms to engage in ESG activities, prior studies have found that the act can also be tied to morality and the ethical stand of the firm (Bouzzine, Lueg, 2023;Mitnick et al, 2023) or simply a strategic business move to gain economic benefits from the customers (Hamza, Jarboui, 2020;Herremans et al, 1993).…”