“…First, an investigation with a long observation period since the survey by IICG was conducted from 2001 to 2019. Second, testing using the latest baseline model (Kuzey, Uyar, Nizaeva, & Karaman, 2021). The test was conducted involving several control variables that are important to consider regarding corporate governance (Anwer, Azmi, & Mohamad, 2021;Ararat, Claessens, & Yurtoglu, 2021;Ararat & Yurtoglu, 2021;Hayat & Hassan, 2017;Liu, Lei, & Buttner, 2020;Lu & Wang, 2021;Sarkar & Selarka, 2021) and firm performance (Ballester et al, 2020;García-Ramos & Díaz, 2021;Modigliani & Miller, 1963).…”