CT of the Equine Head: Technical Considerations, Anatomical Guide, and Selected Diseases

Solano, Mauricio; Brawer, Robert S.

doi:10.1053/j.ctep.2005.02.016

Cited by 72 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Sinus endoscopy has an additional value for use as a therapeutic technique (formalin intralesional injection, sinus lavages, drainages, etc.). Few reports about the tomographic anatomy of paranasal sinuses have been published (Morrow et al 2000;Solano and Brawer 2004). In addition, a multimodal approach is desirable to obtain earlier and more accurate diagnoses.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Topographic comparative study of paranasal sinuses in adult horses by computed tomography, sinuscopy, and sectional anatomy

Borgonovo¹,

Biggi²,

Vignati

et al. 2010

Vet Res Commun

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Clinical and radiographic investigations of paranasal sinuses in horses are difficult due to the complex anatomy of these regions, the lack of patognomonic symptoms, and the low sensitivity of conventional diagnostic techniques. The aim of this study was to produce an anatomical atlas to support computed tomography (CT) and sinuscopy of the paranasal sinuses of the adult horse. Transverse, sagittal, and dorsal CT images were acquired, and sinuscopy with both rigid and flexible endoscopes was performed. The heads were frozen and sectioned using a band saw, with the cuts aligned as close as possible with the CT transverse slices. Each CT image was compared with its corresponding anatomical section and sinuscopy image to assist in the accurate identification of specific structures.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Topographic comparative study of paranasal sinuses in adult horses by computed tomography, sinuscopy, and sectional anatomy

Borgonovo¹,

Biggi²,

Vignati

et al. 2010

Vet Res Commun

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“…This differs significantly from domestic animals, whose hyoid elements are situated ventrally from the base of the skull to the first cervical vertebra, as described by Weissengruber et al (2002), Solano & Brawer (2004), Takada et al (2009) and Dyce et al (2010). Big cats also differ from Xenarthra species, since their hyoid elements are located at the level of C3 to C5 (Weissengruber et al 2002).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Anatomy description of cervical region and hyoid apparatus in living giant anteaters Myrmecophaga tridactyla Linnaeus, 1758

et al. 2017

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RESUMO.-[Descrição anatômica da região cervical e aparato hioide em espécimes vivos de tamanduá--bandeira, Mymercophaga tridactyla Linnaeus, 1758.] O Tamanduá-Bandeira possui adaptações anatômicas específicas, devido aos hábitos alimentares de ingestão de formigas e cupins. O arranjo singular do aparato hioide dos tamanduás é fundamental para a ingestão de alimentos. Sua descrição na literatura é baseada em peças e fósseis, o que dificulta a determinação de detalhes anatômicos existentes em animais vivos. As técnicas de imagem permitem a avaliação da anatomia topográfica dos animais, de maneira não invasiva, e o conhecimento desta é fundamental para o diagnóstico e prognóstico de afecções. O objetivo desse The giant anteater has specific anatomical adaptations resulting from its ant and termite feeding habits. The unique arrangement of its hyoid apparatus is essential for the ingestion of food. However, its description in the literature is based on fragments and fossils, making it difficult to determine existing anatomical details in live animals. Imaging techniques, which enable the topographical anatomy of animals to be examined noninvasively, provide essential information for the diagnosis and prognosis of diseases. The aim of this study is to describe the bone contours in the hyoid apparatus of the giant anteater by means of radiographic and tomographic images. Giant anteaters of varying ages from the Wild Animal Screening Center (CETAS-GO) were used, seven for X-ray exams and two adults for CT exams. The hyoid elements in all the animals were evaluated using the two imaging techniques, and were visualized in the cervical region of C2 to C6, which comprises three paired bones (stylohyoid, epihyoid, ceratohyoid) and one unpaired bone (basihyoid). The presence of air in the oropharynx enabled the assessment of soft tissue structures in this region, such as the epiglottis and the soft palate. CT axial sections are of limited usefulness for evaluating the hyoid bones, but enable assessments of the basihyoid bone and its characteristic V-shape. Thus, to analyze the hyoid region in anteaters based on radiographic and tomographic images, one must keep in mind that the stylohyoid, epihyoid and ceratohyoid bones are situated ventrally to the C2 to C5 vertebrae and that the basihyoid at the level of C5-C6 demarcates the transition between the nasopharynx and the trachea. The nasopharynx and oropharynx extend from C1 to C5, and the trachea begins at the level of C6.INDEX TERMS: Cervical region, hyoid apparatus, giant anteater, Myrmecophaga tridactyla, oropharynx, radiology, topographical anatomy, trachea, V-shaped bone, xenarthra.

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“…Therefore, the use of live neonatal foals instead of cadaver specimens or isolated heads was an important aspect to consider. Several reports of CT imaging of the head used live animals (Hathcock et al 1995, Solano and Brawer 2004, Probst et al 2005, but they were not focused in the study of the brain anatomy. Other reports used isolated heads for the study of the equine adult head (Morrow et al 2000), the foal head (Smallwood et al 2002), and the paranasal sinuses of adult horses (De Zani et al 2010).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These characteristics are very useful to obtain anatomical information about different regions of the animal body. Most of the published reports deal with the normal description of cranioencephalic structures in small and large animals (Fike et al 1981, Kaufman et al 1981, Feeney et al 1991, George and Smallwood 1992, Solano and Brawer 2004. In equine medicine, the contribution of CT or MRI to anatomical and clinical knowledge is very limited due to the high cost and the lack of suitable design of this equipment when treating older foals and adult horses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Computed tomographic imaging of the brain of normal neonatal foals

et al. 2015

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RESUMENEl objetivo de este estudio fue proporcionar una descripción detallada de la anatomía normal del cerebro de potrillos neonatos y de las estructuras asociadas mediante tomografía computarizada (TC) y cortes anatómicos. Se utilizó un escáner de cuarta generación y se adquirieron imágenes transversales con un grosor de dos milímetros. Tras el estudio por TC, los animales fueron sacrificados por razones no relacionadas con patologías de la cabeza. Para ayudar en la identificación precisa del cerebro y las estructuras asociadas, las imágenes de TC fueron comparadas con las correspondientes secciones de la cabeza. Las imágenes de TC se correlacionaron de buena manera con sus correspondientes secciones anatómicas, mostrando una buena diferenciación entre el tejido óseo y el tejido blando de la cabeza. Las imágenes obtenidas mediante TC pretenden ser una referencia anatómica inicial para la interpretación de los estudios clínicos del cerebro y las estructuras asociadas en potros vivos recién nacidos.Palabras clave: tomografía computarizada, anatomía, cerebro, potro neonato. SUMMARYThe aim of this study was to provide a more complete description of normal cross-sectional anatomy of the neonatal brain of the foal and associated structures by computed tomography (CT) and gross anatomical sections. Using a fourth-generation CT scanner, 2-mm contiguous transverse images were acquired from two neonatal 5-days-old Quarter horse foals. After the study the animals were euthanised for reasons unrelated to head pathology. To assist in the accurate identification of brain and associated structures, transverse CT images were obtained and compared with the corresponding frozen cross-sections of the head. CT images matched well with their corresponding transverse gross sections and provided good differentiation between the bones and the soft tissues of the head. These CT images are intended to be a useful initial anatomic reference in the interpretation for clinical CT imaging studies of the brain and associated structures in live neonatal foals.

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CT of the Equine Head: Technical Considerations, Anatomical Guide, and Selected Diseases

Cited by 72 publications

References 24 publications

Topographic comparative study of paranasal sinuses in adult horses by computed tomography, sinuscopy, and sectional anatomy

Topographic comparative study of paranasal sinuses in adult horses by computed tomography, sinuscopy, and sectional anatomy

Anatomy description of cervical region and hyoid apparatus in living giant anteaters Myrmecophaga tridactyla Linnaeus, 1758

Computed tomographic imaging of the brain of normal neonatal foals

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