Mast cells are innate immune cells usually residing in peripheral tissues, where they are likely to activate T-cell responses. Similar to other myeloid immune cells, mast cells can function as antigen-presenting cells. However, little is known about the capacity of human mast cells to costimulate CD4 + T cells. Here, we studied the T-cell stimulatory potential of human mast cells. Peripheral blood derived mast cells were generated and cocultured with isolated CD4 + T cells. In the presence of T-cell receptor triggering using anti-CD3, mast cells promoted strong proliferation of T cells, which was two-to fivefold stronger than the "T-cell promoting capacity" of monocytes. The interplay between mast cells and T cells was dependent on cell-cell contact, suggesting that costimulatory molecules on the mast cell surface are responsible for the effect. However, in contrast to monocytes, the T-cell costimulation by mast cells was independent of the classical costimulatory molecule CD28, or that of OX40L, ICOSL, or LIGHT. Our data show that mast cells can costimulate human CD4 + T cells to induce strong T-cell proliferation, but that therapies aiming at disrupting the interaction of CD28 and B7 molecules do not inhibit mast cell mediated T-cell activation. Additional supporting information may be found in the online version of this article at the publisher's web-site
Keywords
IntroductionMast cells are innate immune cells derived from myeloid progenitors. They have been originally described as one of the effector cells in allergic IgE-mediated responses. More recently, their role in immune regulation, and specifically in regulation of adaptive immune responses, has been recognized [1]. For example, we and others have shown that mast cells can function as antigenpresenting cells through cognate interactions with CD4 + T cells both in human and mouse [2][3][4]. CD4 + T-cell activation in this context was dependent on recognition of specific antigens in the Correspondence: Dr. René E. M. Toes e-mail: r.e.m.toes@lumc.nl context of MHC class II. Activation and skewing of T cells generally requires the presence of three signals, consisting of antigen presentation through MHC, costimulation, and specific cytokine signals [5]. Costimulation is the interaction of membrane-bound receptors on T cells and antigen-presenting cells that enhance signals through the T-cell receptor, and that is necessary to induce full T-cell activation, proliferation, and survival. Classical costimulation consists of CD28-mediated signaling by B7 family members on antigen-presenting cells, although different molecules, such as members of the TNF receptor superfamily or signaling lymphocyte activation molecule family are known to regulate the balance between T-cell death and survival as well [6].We have previously shown the presence of mast cells in T-cell areas of lymphoid organs [2], as well as their colocalization in synovial tissue [7], suggesting that mast cells could modulate [8,9]. This effect in the mouse was directly mediated through TNF produ...