CTX-M enzymes are the predominant extended-spectrum β-lactamases produced by Enterobacteriaceae in Ireland

Morris, Dearbháile; Walsh, James E.; Buckley, V.; Xu, Li; Hanahoe, Belinda; Hawkey, Peter M.; Cormican, Martin

doi:10.1093/jac/dkp297

Cited by 15 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…ESBLs of the SHV class were frequently detected throughout the EU, especially SHV-12 and SHV-2 Bortolaia et al, 2010b;Boyle et al, 2010;Brinas et al, 2003a;Brinas et al, 2003b;Chiaretto et al, 2008;Cortes et al, 2010;Costa et al, 2009;Dierikx et al, 2010a;Doi et al, 2009;Escudero et al, 2010;Goncalves et al, 2010;Hasman et al, 2005;Hopkins et al, 2006;Kolar et al, 2010;Machado et al, 2008;Madec et al, 2008;Morris et al, 2009;Riano et al, 2006). In relation to the ESBLs of the TEM class, the most frequently detected throughout the EU was TEM-52 Brinas et al, 2005;Carneiro et al, 2010;Cloeckaert et al, 2007;Costa et al, 2009;Dierikx et al, 2010a;Jensen et al, 2006;Machado et al, 2008;Morris et al, 2009;Randall et al, 2011;Rodriguez et al, 2009;Smet et al, 2008). To a lesser extend TEM-20 was detected in countries as Netherlands, Ireland and Germany (Boyle et al, 2010;Dierikx et al, 2010a;Hasman et al, 2005;Hopkins et al, 2006;Rodriguez et al, 2009).…”

Section: Esbl-subtypes Detected In E Coli and Salmonella From Food-pmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CTX-M-15, the ESBL considered to have spread in a pandemic fashion in humans, was only detected incidentally in food-producing animals or food and in only in a few countries in E. coli (isolated in France from diseased cattle, in Belgium from healthy poultry, and in UK in broiler chickens and turkey) and in Salmonella isolates (Germany, one S. Typhimurium from horse origin) (Madec et al, 2008;Randall et al, 2011;Rodriguez et al, 2009;Smet et al, 2008). ESBLs of the SHV class were frequently detected throughout the EU, especially SHV-12 and SHV-2 Bortolaia et al, 2010b;Boyle et al, 2010;Brinas et al, 2003a;Brinas et al, 2003b;Chiaretto et al, 2008;Cortes et al, 2010;Costa et al, 2009;Dierikx et al, 2010a;Doi et al, 2009;Escudero et al, 2010;Goncalves et al, 2010;Hasman et al, 2005;Hopkins et al, 2006;Kolar et al, 2010;Machado et al, 2008;Madec et al, 2008;Morris et al, 2009;Riano et al, 2006). In relation to the ESBLs of the TEM class, the most frequently detected throughout the EU was TEM-52 Brinas et al, 2005;Carneiro et al, 2010;Cloeckaert et al, 2007;Costa et al, 2009;Dierikx et al, 2010a;Jensen et al, 2006;Machado et al, 2008;Morris et al, 2009;Randall et al, 2011;Rodriguez et al, 2009;Smet et al, 2008).…”

Section: Esbl-subtypes Detected In E Coli and Salmonella From Food-pmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Scientific Opinion on the public health risks of bacterial strains producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases and/or AmpC β-lactamases in food and food-producing animals

2011

EFSA Journal

246

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The potential contribution of food-producing animals or foods to public health risks by ESBL and/or AmpCproducing bacteria is related to specific plasmid-mediated ESBL and/or AmpC genes encoded by a number of organisms. The predominant ESBL families encountered are CTX-M, TEM, and SHV; the predominant AmpCfamily is CMY. The most common genes associated with this resistance in animals are bla CTX-M-1 (the most commonly identified ESBL), and bla CTX-M-14 , followed by bla and bla Among the genes encoding AmpC-type β-lactamases, bla CMY-2 is the most common.The bacterial species most commonly identified with these genes are Escherichia coli and non-typhoidal Salmonella. ESBL/AmpC transmission is mainly driven by integrons, insertion sequences, transposons and plasmids, some of which are homologous in isolates from both food-production animals and humans. Cefotaxime is used as the drug of choice for optimum detection of bla ESBL and/or bla AmpC genes. The preferred method for isolation of ESBL-and/or AmpC-producers is screening on selective agar preceded by selective enrichment in a broth.The establishment of risk factors for occurrence of ESBL/AmpC-producing bacteria is particularly complicated by the data unavailability or lack of its accuracy. The use of antimicrobials is a risk factor for the selection and spread of resistant clones, resistance genes and plasmids. Since most ESBL-and AmpC-producing strains carry additional resistances to other commonly-used veterinary drugs, generic antimicrobial use is a risk factor for ESBL/AmpC and it is not restricted specifically to the use of cephalosporins. An additional risk factor is extensive trade of animals in EU MS. There are no data on the comparative efficiency of individual control options in reducing public health risks caused by ESBL and/or AmpC-producing bacteria related to food-producing animals. Prioritisation is complex, but it is considered that a highly effective control option would be to stop all uses of cephalosporins/systemically active 3 rd /4 th generation cephalosporins, or to restrict their use (use only allowed under specific circumstances). As co-resistance is an important issue, it is also of high priority to decrease the total antimicrobial use in animal production in the EU. KEY WORDSResistance, ESBLs, AmpC, occurrence, transmission, control options, public health microbiology. SUMMARYFollowing a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) was asked to deliver a Scientific Opinion on the public health risks of bacterial strains producing extended-spectrum beta (β)-lactamases (ESBL) and/or AmpC β-lactamases (AmpC) in food and foodproducing animals. In particular, the Panel was asked: (i) to propose a definition of the ESBL-and/or AmpC-producing bacterial strains and genes relevant for public health and linked to food-producing animals or food borne transmission; (ii) to review the information on the epidemiology of acquired resistance to broad spectrum cephalosporins including the genes coding for ...

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Section: Esbl-subtypes Detected In E Coli and Salmonella From Food-pmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Esbl-subtypes Detected In E Coli and Salmonella From Food-pmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the public health risks of bacterial strains producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases and/or AmpC β-lactamases in food and food-producing animals

2011

EFSA Journal

246

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…CTX-M enzymes are currently regarded as the predominant ES␤L type of animal origin, while they have also been associated with human isolates in Europe since the late 1990s (39). In Ireland, bla CTX-M -mediated extended-spectrum ␤-lactam resistance is widespread, as demonstrated by a recent nationwide survey of Enterobacteriaceae isolates recovered from clinical cases in humans over an 11-year period (46). CTX-M group 1 followed by CTX-M group 9, represented by CTX-M-15 and CTX-M-14, respectively, are the most frequently reported examples (46).…”

Section: /Equinementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Ireland, bla CTX-M -mediated extended-spectrum ␤-lactam resistance is widespread, as demonstrated by a recent nationwide survey of Enterobacteriaceae isolates recovered from clinical cases in humans over an 11-year period (46). CTX-M group 1 followed by CTX-M group 9, represented by CTX-M-15 and CTX-M-14, respectively, are the most frequently reported examples (46). In our study, the transmissibility of bla CTX-M-2 was demonstrated following conjugation, and this observation was consistent with our current knowledge of CTX-M enzymes, which are typically carried by multiresistance plasmids (56).…”

Section: /Equinementioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Isolates from Animals Presenting at a University Veterinary Hospital

Karczmarczyk

Abbott

Walsh

et al. 2011

Appl Environ Microbiol

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In this study, we examined molecular mechanisms associated with multidrug resistance (MDR) in a collection of Escherichia coli isolates recovered from hospitalized animals in Ireland. PCR and DNA sequencing were used to identify genes associated with resistance. Class 1 integrons were prevalent (94.6%) and contained gene cassettes recognized previously and implicated mainly in resistance to aminoglycosides, ␤-lactams, and trimethoprim (aadA1, dfrA1-aadA1, dfrA17-aadA5, dfrA12-orfF-aadA2, bla OXA-30 -aadA1, aacC1-orf1-orf2-aadA1, dfr7). Class 2 integrons (13.5%) contained the dfrA1-sat1-aadA1 gene array. The most frequently occurring phenotypes included resistance to ampicillin (97.3%), chloramphenicol (75.4%), florfenicol (40.5%), gentamicin (54%), neomycin (43.2%), streptomycin (97.3%), sulfonamide (98.6%), and tetracycline (100%). The associated resistance determinants detected included bla TEM , cat, floR, aadB, aphA1, strA-strB, sul2, and tet(B), respectively. The bla CTX-M-2 gene, encoding an extended-spectrum ␤-lactamase (ES␤L), and bla CMY-2 , encoding an AmpC-like enzyme, were identified in 8 and 18 isolates, respectively. The mobility of the resistance genes was demonstrated using conjugation assays with a representative selection of isolates. High-molecular-weight plasmids were found to be responsible for resistance to multiple antimicrobial compounds. The study demonstrated that animal-associated commensal E. coli isolates possess a diverse repertoire of transferable genetic determinants. Emergence of ES␤Ls and AmpC-like enzymes is particularly significant. To our knowledge, the bla CTX-M-2 gene has not previously been reported in Ireland.

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“…A comparison of pulsed-field profiles from effluent isolates and ESBL-producing E. coli clinical isolates (as previously described [17]) was performed. All clinical isolates were obtained from samples received in the same hospital from which effluent samples were collected.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Enumeration and Characterization of Antimicrobial-Resistant Escherichia coli Bacteria in Effluent from Municipal, Hospital, and Secondary Treatment Facility Sources

Galvin

Walsh

Hickey

et al. 2010

Appl Environ Microbiol

Self Cite

196

102

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We describe a modification of the most probable number (MPN) method for rapid enumeration of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli bacteria in aqueous environmental samples. E. coli (total and antimicrobialresistant) bacteria were enumerated in effluent samples from a hospital (n ‫؍‬ 17) and municipal sewers upstream (n ‫؍‬ 5) and downstream (n ‫؍‬ 5) from the hospital, effluent samples from throughout the treatment process (n ‫؍‬ 4), and treated effluent samples (n ‫؍‬ 13). Effluent downstream from the hospital contained a higher proportion of antimicrobial-resistant E. coli than that upstream from the hospital. Wastewater treatment reduced the numbers of E. coli bacteria (total and antimicrobial resistant); however, antimicrobialresistant E. coli was not eliminated, and E. coli resistant to cefotaxime (including extended-spectrum betalactamase [ESBL] producers), ciprofloxacin, and cefoxitin was present in treated effluent samples.

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CTX-M enzymes are the predominant extended-spectrum β-lactamases produced by Enterobacteriaceae in Ireland

Cited by 15 publications

References 7 publications

Scientific Opinion on the public health risks of bacterial strains producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases and/or AmpC β-lactamases in food and food-producing animals

Scientific Opinion on the public health risks of bacterial strains producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases and/or AmpC β-lactamases in food and food-producing animals

Characterization of Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Isolates from Animals Presenting at a University Veterinary Hospital

Enumeration and Characterization of Antimicrobial-Resistant Escherichia coli Bacteria in Effluent from Municipal, Hospital, and Secondary Treatment Facility Sources

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