“…20 However, in the case of agarose-mediated electrodeposition, the agarose gel provides pathways for both electrons and Co 2+ ions. 21 The ions linearly and compulsorily migrate inside the gels because a linear electric eld is applied to the substrate, which plays a key role in the preferentially oriented growth. 10 Consequently, ions that are oriented in one direction (vertical to the substrate) will be reduced, leading to the nal formation of a vertically aligned Co(OH) 2 layer.…”