We explore the role of electronic and ionic polarisation energies in the physics of the "colossal" magnetoresistive (CMR) materials. We use the Mott-Littleton approach to evaluate polarisation energies in LaMnO3 lattice associated with holes localized on both Mn 3+ cation and O 2− anion. The full (electronic and ionic) lattice relaxation energy for a hole localized at the O-site is estimated as 2.4 eV which is appreciably greater than that of 0.8 eV for a hole localized at the Mn-site, indicating on the strong electron-phonon interaction in the former case. The ionic relaxation around the localized holes differs for anion and cation holes. That associated with Mn 4+ is approximately isotropic, whereas ionic displacements around O − holes show axial symmetry, the axis being directed towards the apical oxygens.Using a Born-Haber cycle we examine thermal and optical energies of the hole formation associated with electron ionization from Mn 3+ , O 2− and La 3+ ions in LaMnO3 lattice. For these calculations we derive a phenomenological value for the second electron affinity of oxygen in LaMnO3 lattice by matching the optical energies of La 4+ and O − hole formation with maxima of binding energies in the experimental photoemission spectra. The calculated thermal energies predict that the electronic hole is marginally more stable in the Mn 4+ state in LaMnO3 host lattice, but the energy of a hole in the O − state is only higher by a small amount, 0.75 eV, rather suggesting that both possibilities should be treated seriously.We examine the energies of a number of fundamental optical transitions, as well as those involving self-trapped holes of Mn 4+ and O − in LaMnO3 lattice. The reasonable agreement with experiment of our predicted energies, linewidths and oscillator strengths leads us to plausible assignments of the optical bands observed. We deduce that the optical band near 5 eV is associated with O(2p) -Mn(3d) transition of charge-transfer character, whereas the band near 2.3 eV is rather associated with the presence of Mn 4+ and/or O − self-trapped holes in non-stoichiometric LaMnO3 compound. PACS numbers: 75.30.Vn, 71.55.Ht, 78.40.Ha
I. INTRODUCTIONThe striking behaviour of the CMR oxides of R 1−x A x MnO 3 (R: trivalent rare-earth ions, A: divalent alkaline-earth ions, 0.2 ≤ x ≤ 0.5) arises from the interplay of several distinct energy terms: magnetic interactions, electronic band structure energies, crystal field splittings, vibrational energies and electron lattice coupling, including small polaron ideas and the Jahn-Teller (JT) effect. Understanding this behaviour has been helped very greatly by the use of models to map the various regimes of behaviour [1]. The experimental evidence [2] suggests that manganites are doped charge-transfer insulators having O(2p) holes as the current carriers rather than Mn 3+ (3d) electrons. However, whether holes reside on O-and/or Mn-sites is still the subject of controversy. Some of the models of polarisation and vibration in CMR systems make major approximations, such as a s...