“…After clustering, the objects in the same group have high similarity, whereas those in different groups have low similarity (Saxena et al, 2017). Whilst a variety of clustering algorithms have been proposed in previous research, none of these clustering algorithms exhibits remarkable advantages in all contexts (Aggarwal & Singh, 2019; Dogan & Birant, 2021; Figueiredo et al, 2019). These algorithms have various design emphases, which depend on several factors, such as the computational complexity, convergence speed, the capability of pre‐setting important parameters (e.g., cluster number, radius), and insensitivity to outliers (Figueiredo et al, 2019; Nanda & Panda, 2014).…”