Cued and Uncued Terminal Links in Concurrent‐chains Schedules

Alsop, Brent; Stewart, Karen; Honig, Werner K.

doi:10.1901/jeab.1994.62-385

Cited by 5 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…A. Williams contended that the stimuli presented during the delay gained their conditioned value through a backward chaining effect. These results are thus consistent with a conditioned reinforcement explanation for the facilitative role of stimuli presented during a delay-to-reinforcement interval and coincide with those reported elsewhere (e.g., Alsop, Stewart, & Honig, 1994;Dunn, Williams, & Royalty, 1987;B. A. Williams & Dunn, 1991).…”

Section: Basic Research Related To Delayed Reinforcementsupporting

confidence: 92%

Designing Interventions That Include Delayed Reinforcement: Implications of Recent Laboratory Research

Stromer

McComas

Rehfeldt

2000

J of App Behav Analysis

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The search for robust and durable interventions in everyday situations typically involves the use of delayed reinforcers, sometimes delivered well after a target behavior occurs. Integrating the findings from laboratory research on delayed reinforcement can contribute to the design and analysis of those applied interventions. As illustrations, we examine articles from the Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior that analyzed delayed reinforcement with respect to response allocation (A. M. Williams & Lattal, 1999), stimulus chaining (B. A. Williams, 1999), and self‐control (Jackson & Hackenberg, 1996). These studies help to clarify the conditions under which delayed reinforcement (a) exercises control of behavior, (b) entails conditioned reinforcement, and (c) displaces the effects of immediate reinforcement. The research has applied implications, including the development of positive social behavior and teaching people to make adaptive choices.

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Section: Basic Research Related To Delayed Reinforcementsupporting

confidence: 92%

Designing Interventions That Include Delayed Reinforcement: Implications of Recent Laboratory Research

Stromer

McComas

Rehfeldt

2000

J of App Behav Analysis

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“…Pigeon B-46 then preferred chain VI 20 s FI 20 s to chain VI 90 s FI 20 s when the randomly alternating locus of the initial links was reinstated, with differential terminal-link stimuli (condition 2.10). As in Experiment 1, the pigeons' preferences for the shorter initial link with equal terminal links in these conditions replicated Alsop, Stewart, and Honig (1994).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 56%

“…According to this sense of discrimination, subjects might respond rapidly for some short period of time after the onset of a terminal link, and if a reinforcer was not produced, respond even more rapidly until a reinforcer was produced. Again, Alsop, Stewart, and Honig (1994) found that even with a nondifferential terminal-link stimulus, absolute rate of responding increased during successive bins of the longer FI terminal link, but was still generally slower than during the shorter terminal link, although again they did not randomly alternate the locus of the initial links. Alsop et al also found that the 1 pigeon that was indifferent in their study did respond faster on the shorter FI terminal links.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Absent such a feature, as when terminal-link stimuli were nondifferential and terminal links either (a) randomly alternated on the side keys or (b) always appeared on the center key, preferences were certainly lower and unreliable. Colton and Moore reviewed related findings by Alsop, Stewart, and Honig (1994), Omino (1993), and Omino and Ito (1993). For example, Colton and Moore noted that unlike their own findings, Alsop et al did find some degree of preference on both initial and reversal determinations for 3 of 4 pigeons with a nondifferential terminal-link stimulus on a center key.…”

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confidence: 95%

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Some Effects of Procedural Variations on Choice Responding in Concurrent Chains

Moore

2009

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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The present research used pigeons in a three-key operant chamber and varied procedural features pertaining to both initial and terminal links of concurrent chains. The initial links randomly alternated on the side keys during a session, while the terminal links always appeared on the center key. Both equal and unequal initial-link schedules were employed, with either differential or nondifferential terminal-link stimuli across conditions. The research was designed to neutralize initial- and terminal-link spatial cues in order to gain a clearer understanding of the roles of conditioned reinforcement and delayed primary reinforcement in choice. With both equal and unequal initial links and with differential terminal-link stimuli, all pigeons reliably preferred the chain with the shorter terminal link. However, with equal initial links and nondifferential stimuli, all pigeons were indifferent. With unequal initial links and nondifferential stimuli, some pigeons were also indifferent, while others actually reversed and preferred the chain with the shorter initial link, even though it was followed by the longer terminal link. The decrease if not reversal of the previous preferences implies that preferences in concurrent chains are a function of the conditioned reinforcement afforded by terminal-link stimuli, rather than delayed primary reinforcement.

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“…More recently, Alsop, Stewart, and Honig (1994) examined preference using a three-key procedure, where initial links were in effect on the side keys and terminal links on a center key. Fixed-interval terminal-link schedules were varied across conditions.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of terminal-link stimulus arrangements on preference in concurrent chains

Colton

Moore

1997

Psychol Rec

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Pigeons served as subjects in two concurrent-chains experiments in which responding on one or the other of two side keys occasionally produced either a short-(FI 10-s) or a long-(FI 20-s) duration terminal-link schedule of food reinforcement according to equal variable-interval 30-s initial-link schedules. In Experiment 1, the terminal link was in effect randomly on either key, or always on the opposite key, in relation to the initial link from which it was entered. In addition, terminal-link stimuli were differential keylights, nondifferential keylights, or differential houselights. Preference tended toward indifference with a random location of a terminal link and nondifferential keylights. However, the birds preferred the shorter terminal link when the terminal link was always in effect on the same key, or always on the opposite key, with either differential or nondifferential keylights. The birds also preferred the shorter terminal link with a random location, nondifferential keylights, and differential houselights. In Experiment 2, the terminal link was always in effect on the center key. As before, terminal-link stimuli were differential keylights, nondifferential keylights, or differential houselights. Preference tended toward indifference with nondifferential keylights. However, the birds preferred the shorter terminal link with either differential keylights or differential houselights. Taken together, the data indicate that terminal-link stimuli in concurrent chains function as conditioned reinforcers , rather than simple discriminative stimuli, although other features of the terminal links such as stimulus location act in concert with the visual stimuli to influence preference.

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Cued and Uncued Terminal Links in Concurrent‐chains Schedules

Cited by 5 publications

References 19 publications

Designing Interventions That Include Delayed Reinforcement: Implications of Recent Laboratory Research

Designing Interventions That Include Delayed Reinforcement: Implications of Recent Laboratory Research

Some Effects of Procedural Variations on Choice Responding in Concurrent Chains

The effects of terminal-link stimulus arrangements on preference in concurrent chains

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