Cues of Fatigue: Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Facial Appearance

Sundelin, Tina; Lekander, Mats; Kecklund, Göran; Someren, Eus J.W. Van; Olsson, Andreas; Axelsson, John

doi:10.5665/sleep.2964

Cited by 160 publications

(180 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…There is some work that has shown that even among standardized photos, in which participants are asked to hold a neutral expression, raters were able to judge images of sleep deprived individuals as more fatigued and sadder than images of the same participants after a normal sleep [51]. Sleep deprived images were also said to have 'droopier mouths' and 'hanging eyelids'.…”

Section: (E) Expressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 3D and 2D images, we have objectively measured variation in the upward or downward turn of the mouth as well as the extent to which eyes are opened (hereafter referred to as 'mouth curvature' and 'eye openness'). These particular facial features were selected for investigation because they are related to perceptions of sadness and fatigue [51] and may therefore also influence judgements of health. In Study 1, the contribution of mouth curvature, eye openness and measured facial adiposity are tested in health judgements of 3D faces.…”

Section: (F ) Summary and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Perception of health from facial cues

Henderson

Holzleitner

Talamas

et al. 2016

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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Impressions of health are integral to social interactions, yet poorly understood. A review of the literature reveals multiple facial characteristics that potentially act as cues to health judgements. The cues vary in their stability across time: structural shape cues including symmetry and sexual dimorphism alter slowly across the lifespan and have been found to have weak links to actual health, but show inconsistent effects on perceived health. Facial adiposity changes over a medium time course and is associated with both perceived and actual health. Skin colour alters over a short time and has strong effects on perceived health, yet links to health outcomes have barely been evaluated. Reviewing suggested an additional influence of demeanour as a perceptual cue to health. We, therefore, investigated the association of health judgements with multiple facial cues measured objectively from two-dimensional and three-dimensional facial images. We found evidence for independent contributions of face shape and skin colour cues to perceived health. Our empirical findings: (i) reinforce the role of skin yellowness; (ii) demonstrate the utility of global face shape measures of adiposity; and (iii) emphasize the role of affect in facial images with nominally neutral expression in impressions of health.

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Section: (E) Expressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: (F ) Summary and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perception of health from facial cues

Henderson

Holzleitner

Talamas

et al. 2016

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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show abstract

“…We expected that sleep restriction would be associated with negative mood manifested in a more downturned mouth configuration, and increased tiredness manifested in reduced eyelid-openness (Sundelin et al, 2013). We further predicted that changes in these facial features would impact perceptions of intelligence.…”

Section: Study 4 -Sleep-restricted Facesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eyelid-openness and mouth curvature influence perceived intelligence beyond attractiveness.

Talamas¹,

Mavor²,

Axelsson³

et al. 2016

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

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Impression formation is profoundly influenced by facial attractiveness, but the existence of facial cues which affect judgments beyond such an “attractiveness halo” may be underestimated. Because depression and tiredness adversely affect cognitive capacity, we reasoned that facial cues to mood (mouth curvature) and alertness (eyelid-openness) affect impressions of intellectual capacity. Over 4 studies we investigated the influence of these malleable facial cues on first impressions of intelligence. In Studies 1 and 2 we scrutinize the perceived intelligence and attractiveness ratings of images of 100 adults (aged 18–33) and 90 school-age children (aged 5–17), respectively. Intelligence impression was partially mediated by attractiveness, but independent effects of eyelid-openness and subtle smiling were found that enhanced intelligence ratings independent of attractiveness. In Study 3 we digitally manipulated stimuli to have altered eyelid-openness or mouth curvature and found that each independent manipulation had an influence on perceptions of intelligence. In a final set of stimuli (Study 4) we explored changes in these cues before and after sleep restriction, to examine whether natural variations in these cues according to sleep condition can influence perceptions. In Studies 3 and 4 variations with increased eyelid-openness and mouth curvature were found to relate positively to intelligence ratings. These findings suggest potential overgeneralizations based on subtle facial cues that indicate mood and tiredness, both of which alter cognitive ability. These findings also have important implications for students who are directly influenced by expectations of ability and teachers who may form expectations based on initial perceptions of intelligence.

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“…The other tasks are ones that humans often engage in as social animals. Previous work has shown that judgments of emotion (Ekman, 1973;Izard, 1971), fatigue (Sundelin et al, 2013), trustworthiness and attractiveness (Willis & Todorov, Fig. 1.…”

Section: Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Humans have idiosyncratic and task-specific scanpaths for judging faces

et al. 2015

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a b s t r a c tSince Yarbus's seminal work, vision scientists have argued that our eye movement patterns differ depending upon our task. This has recently motivated the creation of multi-fixation pattern analysis algorithms that try to infer a person's task (or mental state) from their eye movements alone. Here, we introduce new algorithms for multi-fixation pattern analysis, and we use them to argue that people have scanpath routines for judging faces. We tested our methods on the eye movements of subjects as they made six distinct judgments about faces. We found that our algorithms could detect whether a participant is trying to distinguish angriness, happiness, trustworthiness, tiredness, attractiveness, or age. However, our algorithms were more accurate at inferring a subject's task when only trained on data from that subject than when trained on data gathered from other subjects, and we were able to infer the identity of our subjects using the same algorithms. These results suggest that (1) individuals have scanpath routines for judging faces, and that (2) these are diagnostic of that subject, but that (3) at least for the tasks we used, subjects do not converge on the same ''ideal'' scanpath pattern. Whether universal scanpath patterns exist for a task, we suggest, depends on the task's constraints and the level of expertise of the subject.

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Cues of Fatigue: Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Facial Appearance

Cited by 160 publications

References 20 publications

Perception of health from facial cues

Perception of health from facial cues

Eyelid-openness and mouth curvature influence perceived intelligence beyond attractiveness.

Humans have idiosyncratic and task-specific scanpaths for judging faces

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