Highly
crystalline CuFeS2 containing earth-abundant
and environmentally friendly elements prepared via a high-temperature
synthesis exhibits an excellent electrochemical performance as an
anode material in sodium-ion batteries. The initial specific capacity
of 460 mAh g–1 increases to 512 mAh g–1 in the 150th cycle and then decreases to a still very high value
of 444 mAh g–1 at 0.5 A g–1 in
the remaining 550 cycles. Even for a large current density, a pronounced
cycling stability is observed. Here, we demonstrate that combining
the results of X-ray powder diffraction experiments, pair distribution
function analysis, and 23Na NMR and Mössbauer spectroscopy
investigations performed at different stages of discharging and charging
processes allows elucidation of very complex reaction mechanisms.
In the first step after uptake of 1 Na/CuFeS2, nanocrystalline
NaCuFeS2 is formed as an intermediate phase, which surprisingly
could be recovered during charging. On increasing the Na content,
Cu+ is reduced to nanocrystalline Cu, while nanocrystalline
Na2S and nanosized elemental Fe are formed in the discharged
state. After charging, the main crystalline phase is NaCuFeS2. At the 150th cycle, the mechanisms clearly changed, and in the
charged state, nanocrystalline Cu
x
S phases
are observed. At later stages of cycling, the mechanisms are altered
again: NaF, Cu2S, and Cu7.2S4 appeared
in the discharged state, while NaF and Cu5FeS4 are observed in the charged state. In contrast to a typical conversion
reaction, nanocrystalline phases play the dominant role, which are
responsible for the high reversible capacity and long-term stability.