CuGaSe
                  2
           solar cell cross section studied by Kelvin probe force microscopy in ultrahigh vacuum

Glatzel, Thilo; Marrón, D. Fuertes; Schedel‐Niedrig, Th.; Sadewasser, Sascha; Lux‐Steiner, Martha Ch.

doi:10.1063/1.1506205

Cited by 106 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…This is attributed to an MoSe 2 intermediate layer, formed during the CVD absorber growth. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy and scanning energy dispersive X-ray detection confirm the presence of an interfacial MoSe 2 layer with a [35] with permission thickness of 150 nm [38]. The Mo-MoSe 2 interface exhibits an intimate contact formed during the deposition process.…”

Section: Cross-sectional Studies On Complete Devicesmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…The topography and work function under dark conditions of the Ga-rich CuGaSe 2 cell are shown in Fig. 10.9a and b, respectively [35]. Figure 10.9c shows the work function image under illumination.…”

Section: Cross-sectional Studies On Complete Devicesmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…For the initial study a CuGaSe 2 device was used [35]. The absorber layer was deposited onto Mo-coated soda lime glass by CVD from two sources, Cu 2 Se and Ga 2 Se 3 , using I and HCl as transport gases, respectively [27].…”

Section: Cross-sectional Studies On Complete Devicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Electronic Properties of Surfaces and Interfaces in Widegap Chalcopyrites

Sadewasser

2006

Wide-Gap Chalcopyrites

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Chalcopyrite solar cells consist of a layered stack of several metallic and semiconducting materials. As light-induced charge carriers are transported perpendicular to the layers, the interfaces between the layers are of paramount importance for device efficiency. This chapter describes the application of Kelvin probe force microscopy to research on chalcopyrite materials and solar cell devices. The technique is used to measure the sample's work function with a lateral resolution in the nm range. After introducing the experimental technique, we review results on surface inhomogeneities on the local scale, including orientation-dependent work function, foreign phases and grain boundaries. In a separate section measurements on complete solar cell devices in a cross-sectional arrangement are introduced and discussed.

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Section: Cross-sectional Studies On Complete Devicesmentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Cross-sectional Studies On Complete Devicesmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Electronic Properties of Surfaces and Interfaces in Widegap Chalcopyrites

Sadewasser

2006

Wide-Gap Chalcopyrites

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“…Overall, while EFM and KPFM were successfully applied for studies of solar materials, [98][99][100] and semiconductor and electroceramic devices, [ 88 ] only few applications to energy materials are available. Future potential-once the systems with controlled environment become accessible, and when these measurements can be implemented in liquids, either with different signal generation mechanisms or with the insulated probes.…”

Section: Potential Sensitive Spmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Local Electrochemical Functionality in Energy Storage Materials and Devices by Scanning Probe Microscopies: Status and Perspectives

Kalinin

Balke

2010

Advanced Materials

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Energy storage and conversion systems are an integral component of emerging green technologies, including mobile electronic devices, automotive, and storage components of solar and wind energy economics. Despite the rapidly expanding manufacturing capabilities and wealth of phenomenological information on the macroscopic device behaviors, the microscopic mechanisms underpinning battery and fuel cell operations in the nanometer-micrometer range are virtually unknown. This lack of information is due to the dearth of experimental techniques capable of addressing elementary mechanisms involved in battery operation, including electronic and ion transport, vacancy injection, and interfacial reactions, on the nanometer scale. In this article, a brief overview of scanning probe microscopy (SPM) methods addressing nanoscale electrochemical functionalities is provided and compared with macroscopic electrochemical methods. Future applications of emergent SPM methods, including near field optical, electromechanical, microwave, and thermal probes and combined SPM-(S)TEM (scanning transmission electron microscopy) methods in energy storage and conversion materials are discussed.

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“…Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) technique adopts a non-contact tip with a conductive coating to measure the potential difference between the tip and the adjacent surface Glatzel et al 2002;Hoppe et al 2005;Palermo et al 2007;Wu et al 2010Wu et al , 2013. The surface potential relates to and has an effect on a number of different surface phenomena, including those of catalytic activity, doping/impurities/defects, band-bending at interfaces, polarization of surfaces, etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photocatalytic activity of nitrogen-doped TiO2-based nanowires: a photo-assisted Kelvin probe force microscopy study

Liao

Cho

et al. 2013

J Nanopart Res

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In this study, a set of nitrogen-doped TiO 2 -based nanomaterials demonstrating photocatalytic activity was developed by combining the efforts of lattice doping and metal nanoparticle decoration and tested for photo-degradation of methylene blue dye by applying solar simulator irradiation. The surface potential shifts of these TiO 2 -based photocatalytic nanomaterials measured by Kelvin probe force microscope have been used to study the degree of electron generation of the photocatalysts after irradiation and were well correlated with the photocatalytic activity. The nitrogen-doped TiO 2 nanowires decorated with Pt nanoparticles can induce obvious electron accumulation and result in a large shift of surface potential. The analysis shows a clear correlation between the surface potential shift and the photodegradation activity. Furthermore, a thorough comparative photocatalytic activity study combined with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of the materials-doped with nitrogen under various conditions-reveals that the photocatalytic efficiency of the catalysts is maintained even if the lattice doping is leached e.g., by thermal treatments after doping.

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CuGaSe 2 solar cell cross section studied by Kelvin probe force microscopy in ultrahigh vacuum

Cited by 106 publications

References 10 publications

Electronic Properties of Surfaces and Interfaces in Widegap Chalcopyrites

Electronic Properties of Surfaces and Interfaces in Widegap Chalcopyrites

Local Electrochemical Functionality in Energy Storage Materials and Devices by Scanning Probe Microscopies: Status and Perspectives

Photocatalytic activity of nitrogen-doped TiO2-based nanowires: a photo-assisted Kelvin probe force microscopy study

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