Culex annulirostris (Diptera: Culicidae) Host Feeding Patterns and Japanese Encephalitis Virus Ecology in Northern Australia

Hall‐Mendelin, Sonja; Jansen, Cassie C.; Cheah, Wai Yuen; Montgomery, Brian L.; Hall, Roy A.; Ritchie, Scott A.; Hurk, Andrew F. van den

doi:10.1603/me11148

Cited by 26 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The principal vector of JEV in Australia is Cx . annulirostris [15], and other vector species such as Cx . Gelidus , Cx .…”

Section: Jev and Mosquito Vectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although there are additional secondary vectors in Asia and Cx . annulirostris is responsible for the limited JEV transmission in northern Australia [15], the replacement of wild Cx . tritaeniorhynchus with JEV-refractory populations would likely have significant impacts on both virus transmission and human cases of disease.…”

Section: Je As a Potential Target For Wolbachia-based Biocontrol Stramentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Potential Use of Wolbachia-Based Mosquito Biocontrol Strategies for Japanese Encephalitis

Jeffries

Walker

2015

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a zoonotic pathogen transmitted by the infectious bite of Culex mosquitoes. The virus causes the development of the disease Japanese encephalitis (JE) in a small proportion of those infected, predominantly affecting children in eastern and southern Asia. Annual JE incidence estimates range from 50,000–175,000, with 25%–30% of cases resulting in mortality. It is estimated that 3 billion people live in countries in which JEV is endemic. The virus exists in an enzootic transmission cycle, with mosquitoes transmitting JEV between birds as reservoir hosts and pigs as amplifying hosts. Zoonotic infection occurs as a result of spillover events from the main transmission cycle. The reservoir avian hosts include cattle egrets, pond herons, and other species of water birds belonging to the family Ardeidae. Irrigated rice fields provide an ideal breeding ground for mosquitoes and attract migratory birds, maintaining the transmission of JEV. Although multiple vaccines have been developed for JEV, they are expensive and require multiple doses to maintain efficacy and immunity. As humans are a “dead-end” host for the virus, vaccination of the human population is unlikely to result in eradication. Therefore, vector control of the principal mosquito vector, Culex tritaeniorhynchus, represents a more promising strategy for reducing transmission. Current vector control strategies include intermittent irrigation of rice fields and space spraying of insecticides during outbreaks. However, Cx. Tritaeniorhynchus is subject to heavy exposure to pesticides in rice fields, and as a result, insecticide resistance has developed. In recent years, significant advancements have been made in the potential use of the bacterial endosymbiont Wolbachia for mosquito biocontrol. The successful transinfection of Wolbachia strains from Drosophila flies to Aedes (Stegomyia) mosquitoes has resulted in the generation of “dengue-refractory” mosquito lines. The successful establishment of Wolbachia in wild Aedes aegypti populations has recently been demonstrated, and open releases in dengue-endemic countries are ongoing. This review outlines the current control methods for JEV in addition to highlighting the potential use of Wolbachia-based biocontrol strategies to impact transmission. JEV and dengue virus are both members of the Flavivirus genus, and the successful establishment of Drosophila Wolbachia strains in Cx. Tritaeniorhynchus, as the principal vector of JEV, is predicted to significantly impact JEV transmission.

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“…The principal vector of JEV in Australia is Cx . annulirostris [15], and other vector species such as Cx . Gelidus , Cx .…”

Section: Jev and Mosquito Vectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Je As a Potential Target For Wolbachia-based Biocontrol Stramentioning

confidence: 99%

The Potential Use of Wolbachia-Based Mosquito Biocontrol Strategies for Japanese Encephalitis

Jeffries

Walker

2015

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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“…To analyse blood meals, early studies employed preciptin tests [29-31] and serological gel diffusion techniques [32, 33] (Table 1). More recent studies adopted enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and various molecular techniques including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and gene sequencing [22-24, 34]. Vertebrate reference sources most commonly employed in immunoassays and gel diffusion techniques were commercially-available anti-sera and included horse, rabbit, rat, dog, chicken, cat, bird, kangaroo, cow and pig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interpreting mosquito feeding patterns in Australia through an ecological lens; an analysis of blood meal studies.

Stephenson

Murphy

Jansen

et al. 2018

Preprint

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8Mosquito-borne pathogens contribute significantly to the global burden of disease, infecting 9 millions of people each year. Mosquito feeding is critical to the transmission dynamics of 10 pathogens, and thus it is important to understanding and interpreting mosquito feeding patterns. 11In this paper we explore mosquito feeding patterns and their implications for disease ecology 12 through a meta-analysis of published blood meal results collected across Australia from more 13 than 12,000 blood meals from 22 species. To assess mosquito-vertebrate associations and 14 identify mosquitoes on a spectrum of generalist or specialist feeders, we analysed blood meal 15 data in two ways; first using a novel odds ratio analysis, and secondly by calculating Shannon 16 diversity scores. We find that each mosquito species had a unique feeding association with 17 different vertebrates, suggesting species-specific feeding patterns. Broadly, mosquito species 18 could be grouped broadly into those that were primarily ornithophilic and those that fed more 19 often on livestock. Aggregated feeding patterns observed across Australia were not explained 20 by intrinsic variables such as mosquito genetics or larval habitats. We discuss the implications 21 for disease transmission by vector mosquito species classified as generalist-feeders (such as 22 Aedes vigilax and Culex annulirostris), or specialists (such as Aedes aegypti) in light of 23 potential influences on mosquito host choice. Overall, we find that whilst existing blood meal 24 studies in Australia are useful for investigating mosquito feeding patterns, standardisation of 25 blood meal study methodologies and analyses, including the incorporation of vertebrate 26 surveys, would improve predictions of the impact of vector-host interactions on disease 27 2 ecology. Our analysis can also be used as a framework to explore mosquito-vertebrate 28 associations, in which host availability data is unavailable, in other global systems. 29 Keywords 30 Blood meal; associations; vector; vertebrate; disease risk; blood feeding 31 on positive and negative experiences, in essence, adapting feeding choices according to their 52 individual circumstances [4]. 53 Mosquito-host relationships in Australia are largely understudied. The island biogeography of 54 Australia and its varied climatic zones and bioregions promote a unique endemic biodiversity 55 for mosquito and vertebrate host species. Along with a high diversity of native marsupials, 56 placental mammals and birds in Australia, there are more than 300 species of mosquitoes 57 described, many of which are unique to the continent [15]. The interactions between these 58 populations of mosquitoes and vertebrate hosts across different climatic zones provide 59 opportunities for maintenance and emergence of mosquito-borne pathogens. The transmission 60 of numerous medically-important arboviruses has been documented in Australia to date, 61 including dengue (DENV), Ross River (RRV), Murray valley encephalitis (MVEV), Barmah 62 Forest (BFV) an...

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“…In most Asian countries, Culex tritaeniorhynchus is known as the primary mosquito vector for JEV transmission [ 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 ]; in Australia, on the other hand, Cx . annulirostris is identified as the main vector involved in the introduction and spread of JEV [ 36 , 37 , 38 , 55 ]. Also, JEV has been isolated or detected, albeit at various frequencies, in other wild-caught Culex mosquitoes (e.g., Cx.…”

Section: Jev Is a Zoonotic Pathogen Capable Of Infecting A Wide Ramentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Events in Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection: Viral Entry

Yun

Lee

2018

Pathogens

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Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a mosquito-borne zoonotic flavivirus, is an enveloped positive-strand RNA virus that can cause a spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from mild febrile illness to severe neuroinvasive disease. Today, several killed and live vaccines are available in different parts of the globe for use in humans to prevent JEV-induced diseases, yet no antivirals are available to treat JEV-associated diseases. Despite the progress made in vaccine research and development, JEV is still a major public health problem in southern, eastern, and southeastern Asia, as well as northern Oceania, with the potential to become an emerging global pathogen. In viral replication, the entry of JEV into the cell is the first step in a cascade of complex interactions between the virus and target cells that is required for the initiation, dissemination, and maintenance of infection. Because this step determines cell/tissue tropism and pathogenesis, it is a promising target for antiviral therapy. JEV entry is mediated by the viral glycoprotein E, which binds virions to the cell surface (attachment), delivers them to endosomes (endocytosis), and catalyzes the fusion between the viral and endosomal membranes (membrane fusion), followed by the release of the viral genome into the cytoplasm (uncoating). In this multistep process, a collection of host factors are involved. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the viral and cellular components involved in JEV entry into host cells, with an emphasis on the initial virus-host cell interactions on the cell surface.

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Culex annulirostris (Diptera: Culicidae) Host Feeding Patterns and Japanese Encephalitis Virus Ecology in Northern Australia

Cited by 26 publications

References 31 publications

The Potential Use of Wolbachia-Based Mosquito Biocontrol Strategies for Japanese Encephalitis

The Potential Use of Wolbachia-Based Mosquito Biocontrol Strategies for Japanese Encephalitis

Interpreting mosquito feeding patterns in Australia through an ecological lens; an analysis of blood meal studies.

Early Events in Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection: Viral Entry

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