Culicoides Species Communities Associated with Wild Ruminant Ecosystems in Spain: Tracking the Way to Determine Potential Bridge Vectors for Arboviruses

Talavera, Sandra; Muñoz‐Muñoz, Francesc; Durán, Mauricio; Verdún, Marta; Soler-Membrives, Anna; Oleaga, Álvaro; Arenas, Antonio; Ruiz‐Fons, Francisco; Estrada, Rolando; Pages, Nitu

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0141667

Cited by 25 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…There, serology was negative for wild and domestic ruminants in 2011. The current putative SBV vectors of the Obsoletus complex were described to be in close contact with wild and domestic ruminants in the same mountainous region (Talavera et al., ). Our results are in agreement with those obtained in northern and central Europe where SBV was primarily detected in pools of the Obsoletus complex (reviewed in Balenghien et al., ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Schmallenberg virus detection in Culicoides biting midges in Spain: First laboratory evidence for highly efficient infection of Culicoides of the Obsoletus complex and Culicoides imicola

Pages

Talavera

Verdún

et al. 2017

Transbound Emerg Dis

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Schmallenberg virus detection in Culicoides biting midges in Spain: First laboratory evidence for highly efficient infection of Culicoides of the Obsoletus complex and Culicoides imicola

Pages

Talavera

Verdún

et al. 2017

Transbound Emerg Dis

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“…The virus spread rapidly north beyond the Arctic Circle, and occurred in high prevalence in tested animals [15]. However, it was not known if the virus did circulate (in 2012) or still is circulating in wildlife ruminant populations, and if they could act as reservoirs for the virus [16]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serological testing of Schmallenberg virus in Swedish wild cervids from 2012 to 2016

Malmsten

Blomqvist

et al. 2017

BMC Vet Res

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BackgroundSchmallenberg virus (SBV) first emerged in Europe in 2011, and in Sweden in late 2012. The virus was still circulating in parts of Europe in 2015. In recent testing, the virus has not been detected in Swedish domestic animals, indicating that it is no longer circulating in Sweden. It is not known if the virus has circulated and is still circulating in Swedish wild cervid populations and whether wildlife can act as virus reservoirs. The aim of this study was to investigate whether SBV has circulated, and is still circulating among wild cervids in Sweden.ResultsNinety-two sera from moose (Alces alces, n = 22), red deer (Cervus elaphus, n = 15), fallow deer (Dama dama, n = 44), and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus, n = 11) were collected and analyzed for antibodies against SBV. The sampling occurred in the southern and middle part of Sweden during three time periods: 1) before the vector season in 2012, 2) after the vector season in 2012, and 3) after the vector season in 2015. Animals from periods 1 and 2 were of varying ages, whereas animals collected in period 3 were born after the vector season 2013. Animals from period 1 (n = 15) and 3 (n = 47) were seronegative, but, 53% (16 of 30) of animals from period 2 were seropositive, determined by SBV competitive ELISA. Samples from period 2 were additionally analyzed for SBV-neutralizing antibodies. Such antibodies were detected in 16/16 SBV-N-antibody-positive, 3/12 negative and 2/2 doubtful sera. The two tests were in accordance at SBV-neutralizing antibody titers of 1:32 or higher.ConclusionOur results show that SBV circulated among wild cervids during the vector season of 2012. Three years later, no SBV-antibodies were detected in animals born after the vector season 2013. The likely absence of SBV circulation in Sweden, in contrast to other parts of Europe, might be explained by the annual occurrence of a vector-free season due to climate conditions. Interpretations are limited by the small sample-size, but the results suggest that the SBV competitive ELISA has high specificity but might have slightly lower sensitivity compared to a seroneutralization assay, when using samples from wild cervids.

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“…In woodlands, higher abundance of Culicoides than expected considering the distance of the sampling sites to the farm, was observed, although this varied according to species (Rigot et al, 2013). Talavera et al (2015) showed that C. imicola and C. obsoletus/C. scoticus are found either in farms and in natural areas were wild ruminants species are the main hosts.…”

Section: Culicoides Species Implicated In Btv Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 79%

“…In the study by Talavera et al. (), samplings were conducted in Spain in areas inhabited by different wild ruminant species. The most abundant vector species were C. imicola and C. obsoletus/C.…”

Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bluetongue: control, surveillance and safe movement of animals

Nielsen¹

2017

EFS2

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The performance of different bluetongue control measures related to both vaccination and protection from bluetongue virus (BTV) vectors was assessed. By means of a mathematical model, it was concluded that when vaccination is applied on 95% of animals even for 3 years, bluetongue cannot be eradicated and is able to re-emerge. Only after 5 years of vaccination, the infection may be close to the eradication levels. In the absence of vaccination, the disease can persist for several years, reaching an endemic condition with low level of prevalence of infection. Among the mechanisms for bluetongue persistence, the persistence in the wildlife, the transplacental transmission in the host, the duration of viraemia and the possible vertical transmission in vectors were assessed. The criteria of the current surveillance scheme in place in the EU for demonstration of the virus absence need revision, because it was highlighted that under the current surveillance policy bluetongue circulation might occur undetected. For the safe movement of animals, newborn ruminants from vaccinated mothers with neutralising antibodies can be considered protected against infection, although a protective titre threshold cannot be identified. The presence of colostral antibodies interferes with the vaccine immunisation in the newborn for more than 3 months after birth, whereas the minimum time after vaccination of animal to be considered immune can be up to 48 days. The knowledge about vectors ecology, mechanisms of over-wintering and criteria for the seasonally vector-free period was updated. Some Culicoides species are active throughout the year and an absolute vector-free period may not exist at least in some areas in Europe. To date, there is no evidence that the use of insecticides and repellents reduce the transmission of BTV in the field, although this may reduce host/vector contact. By only using pour-on insecticides, protection of animals is lower than the one provided by vector-proof establishments.

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Culicoides Species Communities Associated with Wild Ruminant Ecosystems in Spain: Tracking the Way to Determine Potential Bridge Vectors for Arboviruses

Cited by 25 publications

References 54 publications

Schmallenberg virus detection in Culicoides biting midges in Spain: First laboratory evidence for highly efficient infection of Culicoides of the Obsoletus complex and Culicoides imicola

Schmallenberg virus detection in Culicoides biting midges in Spain: First laboratory evidence for highly efficient infection of Culicoides of the Obsoletus complex and Culicoides imicola

Serological testing of Schmallenberg virus in Swedish wild cervids from 2012 to 2016

Bluetongue: control, surveillance and safe movement of animals

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