Cultivation and Physiology of Relapsing Fever Borreliae

Kelly, Richard T.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-387050-6.50013-x

Cited by 23 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 6 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…This supplement was evaluated because it had been used for cultivating Spiroplasma mirum, a fastidious organism (14). Also, yeastolate (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, MI) was added to a 0.2% concentration (6) to the complex medium hereafter termed fortified Kelly's medium. It should be noted that CMRL medium gradually lost its ability to enhance growth as the shelf-life expiration date neared (6 mo).…”

Section: Search For Serotypes and Preparation Of Conjugated Antiseramentioning

confidence: 99%

Antigenic variation of Borrelia hermsii.

Stoenner¹,

Dodd²,

Larsen³

1982

The Journal of Experimental Medicine

285

274

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Since the discovery of Borrelia recurrentis as a cause of relapsing fever (1), biologists have been intrigued by the ability of the organism to cause repeated attacks of disease in man. Early investigators attempted to elucidate the relapse phenomenon by comparing the serologic responses of recovered animals with original and relapse populations of spirochetes. Most found that peak antibody titers to relapse spirochetes subsequently appeared in the order in which the spirochete populations were isolated (2). This finding suggested that the surface antigens of the organism had been changed and that growth of a modified population was responsible for each relapse. However, this concept was not uniformly accepted. Some investigators could not detect an immune response with any serologic test then in use. As explained in a review by Schuhardt (3), there were many reasons for controversy about early theories on the mechanisms of relapse. Many strains studied had been grown by repeated passage in animals without a complete record of factors that affected the relapse phenomenon. A variety of tests were used to measure serologic responses, and there was serious disagreement about which tests gave valid results. In addition, the phenomenon was different in the many animal hosts used to study the process.In recent years, little progress has been made in elucidating the true nature of the phenomenon. According to one popular concept (3, 4), new serotypes arise from borreliae that escape the specific antibody response and retreat into organs where new antigens are unmasked. These changed organisms penetrate the blood stream and cause a relapse that, in turn, is terminated when the host produces a specific serologic response to that relapse population. This process is repeated until death intervenes or a complete immunity is established.The development of a medium for cultivating borreliae (5, 6) and the demonstration by Coffey and Eveland (7,8) that individual organisms in a relapse population can be identified by specific fluoresceinated antiserum could have enabled new approaches to a study of the phenomenon. Investigating the relapse phenomenon in rats, they identified four serotypes of B. hermsii with rabbit and rat antisera conjugated with fluorescein-isothiocyanate (FITC) 1 according to a modification of the method of Gordon et al. (9). Initially, we attempted to repeat their work with antisera prepared in rabbits against the original and three relapse populations of B. hermsii obtained from a single mouse. Borreliae in smears of mouse blood were stained with these antisera by indirect immunofluorescence, but organisms from one population could not be clearly distinguished from those of the other three. Furthermore, the variability *

show abstract

Section: Search For Serotypes and Preparation Of Conjugated Antiseramentioning

confidence: 99%

Antigenic variation of Borrelia hermsii.

Stoenner¹,

Dodd²,

Larsen³

1982

The Journal of Experimental Medicine

285

274

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The relapsing fever borreliae and their tick vectors have an even stricter relationship. Some borreliae are reported to be transmitted by a single tick species (Kelly, 1976;Schwan & Piesman, 2002); however, this tick-spirochaete specificity theory needs reinvestigation using molecular analysis and experimental transmission experiments.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The American tick-borne relapsing fever spirochaetes Borrelia hermsii, Borrelia parkeri and Borrelia turicatae were successfully cultured 30 years ago (Kelly, 1971(Kelly, , 1976(Kelly, , 1984. Although investigation of Lyme borreliosis stimulated improvements in the cultivation of some of the most notable borreliae, such as B. recurrentis and Borrelia duttonii (Cutler et al, 2000), some species remain uncultivated, such as the borreliae from New England transmitted by Ixodes scapularis (Scoles et al, 2001).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

‘Candidatus Borrelia texasensis’, from the American dog tick Dermacentor variabilis

Lin

Gao

Seyfang

et al. 2005

International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

TXW-1, a Borrelia strain isolated in March 1998 from an adult male Dermacentor variabilis tick feeding on a coyote from Webb county, Texas, USA, was characterized by using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis, RFLP and sequence analysis of flaB and rrs (16S rRNA gene), DNA-DNA hybridization analysis, SDS-PAGE and Western blotting with mAbs. It shows different banding patterns in RFLP analysis of flaB and forms distinct branches in phylogenetic analysis derived from flaB and rrs genes. It differs from other borreliae based on the banding patterns obtained by RAPD analysis. This strain contains a small, 38-kDa endoflagellar protein. DNA-DNA hybridization experiments revealed that the levels of DNA reassociation between TXW-1 and previously described relapsing fever borreliae were 38?64 % (Borrelia turicatae), 38?40 % (Borrelia parkeri ), 7?39 % (Borrelia hermsii ) and 18?30 % (Borrelia coriaceae). However, the level of DNA relatedness between B. parkeri and B. turicatae was 78?78 %. Sequence analyses of flaB and rrs genes indicate that the similarities of nucleotide sequences among TXW-1 and B. turicatae or B. parkeri are less than that between B. turicatae and B. parkeri, and that the genetic distances among TXW-1 and B. turicatae or B. parkeri are greater than that between B. turicatae and B. parkeri. TXW-1 lacks an ospC gene. Electron microscope observations showed that this spirochaete had different morphological structures compared to previously described relapsing fever borreliae. All the results obtained from the above-mentioned analyses indicate that TXW-1 is different from other described Borrelia species and that it represents a novel species of Borrelia. We have been unable to revive frozen cultures and so can not meet the requirements of the Bacteriological Code to deposit viable type material at two different culture collections. Therefore we use the Candidatus designation; based on these results, the species 'Candidatus Borrelia texasensis' is proposed.

show abstract

“…Subsequent studies indicated that this Kelly's A medium could also permit propagation of the two other principal species of relapsing fever borreliae found in North American, Borrelia parkeri and Borrelia turicatae (9). Then, additional growth media, Kelly's B and C media, have been developed for the cultivation of Borrelia hispanica and Borrelia recurrentis, respectively (9). These media were improved by Stoenner et al as the "fortified" Kelly's medium, which was demonstrated to permit growth of cultures inoculated with a single B. hermsii organism (13).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Kelly described that borreliae cultured in Kelly's medium retained infectivity for mice for over 100 successive subcultures, but lost with prolonged cultivation (over 150 subcultures) (9). To estimate the virulence of B. duttonii 406 K cultivated in the co-cultivation system, BALB/c mice (6 to 8 weeks of age, female, Seiwa Experimental Animals, Ltd., Fukuoka, Japan) were challenged intraperitoneally with borreliae from animal, in primary culture and specified subcultures (Table 3).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vitro Cultivation of Borrelia duttonii on Cultures of SflEp Cells

Konishi

Morshed

Akitomi

et al. 1993

Microbiology and Immunology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Borrelia duttonii strain 406 K, a causative agent of relapsing fever, could not be cultivated in vitro in currently available media for borreliae. We have developed an in vitro cultivation system by using SflEp cell cultures. The average increases of the number of borreliae, when inoculated with 1.0 × 105 organisms per ml from infected mice, were 23‐fold and 150‐fold in the primary culture and the 3rd subculture, respectively. Even a single borrelia could propagate in this cultivation system. This system will be useful for immunological and physiological studies on uncultivable Borrelia strains.

show abstract

Cultivation and Physiology of Relapsing Fever Borreliae

Cited by 23 publications

References 6 publications

Antigenic variation of Borrelia hermsii.

Antigenic variation of Borrelia hermsii.

‘Candidatus Borrelia texasensis’, from the American dog tick Dermacentor variabilis

In Vitro Cultivation of Borrelia duttonii on Cultures of SflEp Cells

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About