Cultural and demic co-diffusion of Tubo Empire on Tibetan Plateau

Zhu, Kongyang; Du, Pengfei; Li, Jiyuan; Zhang, Jianlin; Hu, Xiaojun; Meng, Hailiang; Chen, Liang; Zhou, Boyan; Yang, Xiaomin; Xiong, Jianxue; Allen, Edward; Ren, Xiaoying; Ding, Yi; Xu, Yiran; Chang, Xiaofeng; Guo, Dong; Wang, Chuan‐Chao; Wen, Shaoqing

doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.105636

Cited by 12 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…Haplogroups A15a and A15c1 existed on the TP 2,500-2,800 years ago (Ding et al, 2020). Previous studies based on ancient and present-day genomes supported the North-China-origin hypothesis of the Sino-Tibetan language family and dispersal patterns of northern millet Frontiers in Genetics frontiersin.org farmers (He et al, 2021;Zhu et al, 2022). In this study, we found that the ancient populations related to the Yangshao, Qijia, Majiayao, Shimao, Miaozigou, and Zongri culture in the YRB provided substantial genetic contributions to modern Tibetans (Figure 5).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

“…Haplogroup G3a1 could be found in ancient Xinhua individuals (4,231–3,650 BP) ( Ding et al, 2020 ), and haplogroup G3a2 existed in Neolithic Shimao and Qijia individuals ( Ding et al, 2020 ; Ning et al, 2020 ). In addition, G3a1 also appeared in ancient Dulan individuals during the Tubo Empire ( Zhu et al, 2022 ). Haplogroups A15a and A15c1 existed on the TP 2,500–2,800 years ago ( Ding et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tibetans belong to the Tibeto-Burman language group in the Sino-Tibetan language family. Tibetans are among the few high-altitude settlers in the world, and the adaption of high altitude in Tibetans can be attributed to archaic introgression and natural selection (Simonson et al, 2010;Zhang X. et al, 2021;Zhang P. et al, 2022). The Tibetan Plateau (TP) is one of the last populated areas of modern humans, and humans have inhabited the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau since 40.0-30.0 thousand years ago (kya) (Zhang et al, 2018), but evidence for permanent settlement dates to only 3,600 years before the present (BP), with the advent of agriculture (Chen et al, 2015).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Whole mitochondrial genome analysis in highland Tibetans: further matrilineal genetic structure exploration

Li,

Zhang,

et al. 2023

Front. Genet.

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Introduction: The Qinghai–Tibet Plateau is one of the last terrestrial environments conquered by modern humans. Tibetans are among the few high-altitude settlers in the world, and understanding the genetic profile of Tibetans plays a pivotal role in studies of anthropology, genetics, and archaeology.Methods: In this study, we investigated the maternal genetic landscape of Tibetans based on the whole mitochondrial genome collected from 145 unrelated native Lhasa Tibetans. Molecular diversity indices, haplotype diversity (HD), Tajima’s D and Fu’s Fs were calculated and the Bayesian Skyline Plot was obtained to determining the genetic profile and population fluctuation of Lhasa Tibetans. To further explore the genetic structure of Lhasa Tibetans, we collected 107 East Asian reference populations to perform principal component analysis (PCA), multidimensional scaling (MDS), calculated Fst values and constructed phylogenetic tree.Results: The maternal genetic landscape of Tibetans showed obvious East Asian characteristics, M9a (28.28%), R (11.03%), F1 (12.41%), D4 (9.66%), N (6.21%), and M62 (4.14%) were the dominant haplogroups. The results of PCA, MDS, Fst and phylogenetic tree were consistent: Lhasa Tibetans clustered with other highland Tibeto-Burman speakers, there was obvious genetic homogeneity of Tibetans in Xizang, and genetic similarity between Tibetans and northern Han people and geographically adjacent populations was found. In addition, specific maternal lineages of Tibetans also be determined in this study.Discussion: In general, this study further shed light on long-time matrilineal continuity on the Tibetan Plateau and the genetic connection between Tibetans and millet famers in the Yellow River Basin, and further revealed that multiple waves of population interaction and admixture during different historical periods between lowland and highland populations shaped the maternal genetic profile of Tibetans.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Whole mitochondrial genome analysis in highland Tibetans: further matrilineal genetic structure exploration

Li,

Zhang,

et al. 2023

Front. Genet.

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“…Analyses of the 41 published Tibetan genomes [ 43 , 44 ] detected six individuals with genotype − 13838G > A as heterozygotes (allele frequency 7.3%; 6/82). In the genotyped ancient genomes from the Tibetan Plateau [ 45 – 48 ], the allele frequency of − 13838G > A is low: 6/76 (~ 7.9%) in Nepal, 4/126 (~ 3.2%) in Tibet and 0/52 in Qinghai of China (Additional file 3 : Table S4). All the samples with − 13838G > A were dated no more than 2800 BP.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Given the multiple waves of migrations into or around the Tibetan Plateau over time [ 13 , 46 , 52 , 85 – 87 ], the current demographic modeling of dog population history is broad-stroke with a loss of nuance. To provide more details, the analysis of a dense spatial and temporal dataset including both modern and ancient genomes is required for humans [ 46 , 48 , 88 , 89 ] and dogs [ 30 , 90 ] as well as other domestic animals [ 91 ] in the Tibetan Plateau and the surrounding regions. The investigation of ancient milk lipids, proteins, and fermentation microorganisms [ 4 , 83 , 92 , 93 ] will also be an important direction for future work.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic and cultural adaptations underlie the establishment of dairy pastoralism in the Tibetan Plateau

Peng,

Liu,

Shen

et al. 2023

BMC Biol

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Background Domestication and introduction of dairy animals facilitated the permanent human occupation of the Tibetan Plateau. Yet the history of dairy pastoralism in the Tibetan Plateau remains poorly understood. Little is known how Tibetans adapted to milk and dairy products. Results We integrated archeological evidence and genetic analysis to show the picture that the dairy ruminants, together with dogs, were introduced from West Eurasia into the Tibetan Plateau since ~ 3600 years ago. The genetic admixture between the exotic and indigenous dogs enriched the candidate lactase persistence (LP) allele 10974A > G of West Eurasian origin in Tibetan dogs. In vitro experiments demonstrate that − 13838G > A functions as a LP allele in Tibetans. Unlike multiple LP alleles presenting selective signatures in West Eurasians and South Asians, the de novo origin of Tibetan-specific LP allele − 13838G > A with low frequency (~ 6–7%) and absence of selection corresponds − 13910C > T in pastoralists across eastern Eurasia steppe. Conclusions Results depict a novel scenario of genetic and cultural adaptations to diet and expand current understanding of the establishment of dairy pastoralism in the Tibetan Plateau.

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Ancient genomes revealed the complex human interactions of the ancient western Tibetans

Bai,

Liu,

Wangdue

et al. 2024

Current Biology

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Cultural and demic co-diffusion of Tubo Empire on Tibetan Plateau

Cited by 12 publications

References 65 publications

Whole mitochondrial genome analysis in highland Tibetans: further matrilineal genetic structure exploration

Whole mitochondrial genome analysis in highland Tibetans: further matrilineal genetic structure exploration

Genetic and cultural adaptations underlie the establishment of dairy pastoralism in the Tibetan Plateau

Ancient genomes revealed the complex human interactions of the ancient western Tibetans

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