Cultural Influences on the Incidence and Pattern of Disease

Comprehensive data on the costs of multiple sclerosis is sparse. We conducted a survey of 606 persons with MS who were members of the National Multiple Sclerosis Society to obtain data on their cost of personal health services, other services, equipment, and earnings. Compensation of such cost in the form of health insurance, income support, and other subsidies was measured. Survey data and data from several secondary sources was used to measure costs incurred by comparable persons without MS. Based on the 1994 data, the annual cost of MS was estimated at over $34,000 per person, translating into a conservative estimate of national annual cost of $6.8 billion, and a total lifetime cost per case of $2.2 million. Major components of cost were earnings loss and informal care. Virtually all persons with MS had health insurance, mostly Medicare/Medicaid. Health insurance covered 51 per cent of costs for services, excluding informal care. On average, compensation for earnings loss was 27 per cent. MS is very costly to the individual, health care system, and society. Much of the cost (57 per cent) is in the form of burdens other than personal health care, including earnings loss, equipment and alternations, and formal and informal care. These costs often are not calculated.

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“…37,38 Approximately 70% of the sample were women. National estimates indicate that 52 to 76% of persons with MS are female.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comprehensive assessment of the cost of multiple sclerosis in the United States

et al. 1998

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“…Before this, nobody really knew what caused stomach ulcers, though a popular belief was that the "stress" played a role. Some researchers suggested that ulcer was a psychosomatic illness (Paulley 1975;Kellner 1975;Aitken & Cay 1975). Besides, a number of food borne pathogens causing bacteria like Salmonella (non-typhoidal), Listeria monocyogenes, Campylobacter, (Mead et al, 1999) were discovered.…”

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confidence: 99%

Bioinformatics of pathogenic food bacteria

Mondal¹,

Sen²,

Bothra³

2012

NBUJPS

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Cholera is a fatal water borne disease caused by Vibrio cholerae. The primary symptoms include profuse watery diarrhea, muscle cramps and vomiting of clear fluid leading to rapid dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. and death in some cases. The causal organism i.e. Vibrio cholerae was first isolated by an Italian anatomist. Filippo Pacini in 1854. With the advent of genome sequencing technology, several Vibrio cholerae strains have been sequenced and available in public domain. This provided the opportunity for the scientists to study their genome in details. In the present review we have looked into the genetics of food pathogen as a whole, with special reference to research on V. cholerae. We have also critically reviewed various aspects of Bioinformatics like codon usage patterns, phylogenetic studies, studies on structural bioinformatics etc. on food borne bacteria. We are confident that the present review will help the researchers of food pathogenic biology to obtain valuable information about the present status of bioinformatics of food pathogenic bacteria and future outlook of these aspects.

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Paulley

Pelser

1989

Psychological Managements for Psychosomatic Disorders

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Cultural Influences on the Incidence and Pattern of Disease

Cited by 8 publications

References 18 publications

A comprehensive assessment of the cost of multiple sclerosis in the United States

A comprehensive assessment of the cost of multiple sclerosis in the United States

Bioinformatics of pathogenic food bacteria

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