Cultural Resources and School Engagement among African American Youths: The Role of Racial Socialization and Ethnic Identity

Neighborhood Effects on Racial–Ethnic Identity: The Undermining Role of Segregation

“…In addition, Bennett (2006) provides supporting correlational evidence. Bennett (2006) asked low income African American teens from Cleveland Ohio, whether they experienced a number of markers of neighborhood blight such as drug addicts asking them for money and worrying that others might try to take their clothes, shoes, or money. He also asked questions about racialethnic identity, assessed as connection to in-group (feeling pride in group membership, a strong sense of belonging to in-group).…”

Socialization of Culture and Coping with Discrimination Among American Indian Families: Examining Cultural Correlates of Youth Outcomes

“…Studies that have examined the relationship between ethnic identity and youth outcomes among other racial/ethnic minority groups have indicated that higher racial/ethnic identity achievement was linked to a range of positive outcomes, including lower internalizing problems and externalizing behaviors, higher self-esteem, increased academic achievement, and improved sense of mastery (Bennett, 2006; Constantine & Blackmon, 2002; Phinney & Alpuria, 1990). However, although several studies have found the protective effect of ethnic identity among American Indian youth (e.g., Jones & Galliher, 2007; Whitesell, Mitchell, Kaufman, & Spicer, 2006; Whitesell et al, 2009), others have reported no associations between ethnic identity and psychological adjustment (Adams, Fryberg, Garcia, & Delgado-Torres, 2006; Brown & Smirles, 2005; LaFromboise, Medoff, Lee, & Harris, 2007).…”

“…Evidence on ethnic minority youth supports the protective effects of cultural socialization, including reduced rates of problem behaviors (Bennett, 2006), fewer depressive symptoms (McHale et al, 2006), and academic self-efficacy (Hughes et al, 2006). Although studies have not directly examined the influence of cultural socialization on adjustment among American Indian youth, research on enculturation has indicated that the internalization of traditional culture promotes school success and functions as a protective factor against harmful behaviors such as alcohol and drug use, early sexual activity, and delinquency (LaFromboise, Hoyt, Oliver, & Whitbeck, 2006; Winderowd, Montgomery, Stumblingbear, Harless, & Hicks, 2008; Zimmerman et al, 1994).…”

The Central Roles of Race and Racism in Reframing Family Systems Theory: A Consideration of Choice and Time

“…The process of racial socialization among African American families is important to understand for several reasons. First, empirical studies document its influential role in determining psychological, educational, behavioral, and social outcomes for African American youth (Banerjee, Harrell, & Johnson, ; Bennett, ), such as positive identity development (Barr & Neville, ), increased self‐esteem (Neblett et al, ), better academic adjustment (Banerjee et al, ), and a buffer against harmful effects of racism (Brown & Tylka, ) and racial discrimination (Neblett et al, ).…”