“…Strong positive attitudes to home culture and language can countereffect some unfavorable parameters of ethnolinguistic vitality (Miller, 2017). For example, Malayali community in the UK (Meddegama, 2020), Russian (Glozman & Chuang, 2019; current study), and Mandarin Chinese (Harrison, 2000) communities in Canada have high levels of language maintenance primarily due to the strong desire among parents to pass the language over to their children. Other factors identified in LMS studies, such as age group, socioeconomic status, personalities, and individual aptitudes (Adversario, 2021), are also taken into consideration in LE.…”