“…The present finding made it clear that by 9 months, Chinese-heritage infants and their mothers already enact early versions of the same practices that cultural developmentalists have been documenting with older children and their families (e.g., Greenfield et al, 2006;Miller, 2014). Rather than treating infants' learning as a generic phenomenon that awaits a cultural overlay to be added in later years, we contend that learning in infancy is yet another phenomenon that is culturally constructed from the outset, much like the development of play (e.g., Miller & Harwood, 2002), selfconcept (e.g., Keller, 2007;Keller et al, 2004), and attachment (e.g., Harwood, 1992;Keller, 2013Keller, , 2018. By shifting the theoretical focus from specifying learning in terms of individualistic and culturally neutral processes to specifying learning in terms of relational and culturally constructed experiences, we are one step closer to identifying the assets for learning that are being developed before children enter school.…”