Culture and Intelligence.

Sternberg, Robert J.

doi:10.1037/0003-066x.59.5.325

Cited by 358 publications

(247 citation statements)

References 92 publications

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“…One of the limitations described in the first comparative FIT-choice study analysing data collected in Australia, the US, Germany and Norway Furthermore, in relation to methodological challenges, Klassen et al (2011) highlight the risk that important cultural differences or similarities may be masked in purely quantitative approaches to cross-cultural teacher motivation research due to restricted definitions and/or unexamined assumptions about pre-service teachers' motivations leading to western-dominated understandings of motivation in non-western settings (Klassen, 2004;Sternberg, 2004). The researchers advocate mixed-methods or qualitative approaches to teacher motivation research, which allow for inquiry into culture-specific factors that might not have been considered in the creation of scales in any original setting.…”

Section: Backgrounds a Multi-dimensional Mixed-methods National Stumentioning

confidence: 99%

Why choose teaching? An international review of empirical studies exploring student teachers’ career motivations and levels of commitment to teaching

Heinz

2015

Educational Research and Evaluation

211

138

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Publication InformationHeinz, M. (2015) Rikard, 1999), these are important questions for policy makers and societies to address.This paper provides a systematic and conceptual review of empirical research studies exploring student teachers' career motivations and commitment in twenty-three countries from five continents. A variety of motivating factors are explored, their relative importance in student teachers' career decisions is discussed, and differences between various subgroups and cultural contexts are highlighted. Attention is drawn to methodological limitations as well as recent developments in this important area of research.

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Section: Backgrounds a Multi-dimensional Mixed-methods National Stumentioning

confidence: 99%

Why choose teaching? An international review of empirical studies exploring student teachers’ career motivations and levels of commitment to teaching

Heinz

2015

Educational Research and Evaluation

211

138

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“…According to this argument the association between IQ score and other indices of personal success should be diminished in non-Western countries. There is a substantial body of evidence showing that this does occur (Sternberg, 2004): Indeed, conceptions of success, as well as those of intelligence, vary across cultures. The types of success that matter so much in the United States, such as money, may simply have less value elsewhere.…”

Section: Objections Based On Applications Of the Logic Of Sciencementioning

confidence: 99%

Temperature, skin color, per capita income, and IQ: An international perspective

Templer

Arikawa²

2006

Intelligence

104

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The impetus for our study was the contention of both Lynn Race differences in intelligence: A global perspective. Mankind Quarterly, 31, 255-296] and Rushton (Rushton . Race, evolution and behavior: A life history perspective. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction; Rushton, J. P. (1997). Race, intelligence, and the brain: The errors and omissions of the revised edition of S.J. Gould's the mismeasurement of man. Personality and Individual Differences, 23, 169-180;Rushton, J. P. (2000). Race, evolution, and behavior. A life history perspective (3rd edition). Port Huron: Charles Darwin Research Institute] that persons in colder climates tend to have higher IQs than persons in warmer climates. We correlated mean IQ of 129 countries with per capita income, skin color, and winter and summer temperatures, conceptualizing skin color as a multigenerational reflection of climate. The highest correlations were À 0.92 (rho = À 0.91) for skin color, À0.76 (rho = À0.76) for mean high winter temperature, À0.66 (rho = À 0.68) for mean low winter temperature, and 0.63 (rho = 0.74) for real gross domestic product per capita. The correlations with population of country controlled for are almost identical. Our findings provide strong support for the observation of Lynn and of Rushton that persons in colder climates tend to have higher IQs. These findings could also be viewed as congruent with, although not providing unequivocal evidence for, the contention that higher intelligence evolves in colder climates. The finding of higher IQ in Eurasians than Africans could also be viewed as congruent with the position of Diamond (1997) that knowledge and resources are transmitted more readily on the Eurasian west-east axis. D 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Both Rushton ( , 1997Rushton ( , 2000 and have pointed out that ethnic groups in colder climates score higher on intelligence tests than ethnic groups in warmer climates. They contend that greater intelligence is needed to adapt to a colder climate so that, over many generations, the more intelligent members of a population are more likely to survive and reproduce. Their temperature and IQ analyses have been descriptive rather than quantitative, however. In the present quantitative study, we predicted a negative correlation between IQ and temperature. We hypothesized that correlations would be higher for mean winter temperatures (January in the Northern Hemisphere and July in the Southern Hemisphere) than for mean summer temperatures. Skin color was conceptualized as a variable closely related to temperature. It is viewed by the present authors as a multigenerational reflection of the climates one's ancestors have lived in for thousands of years. Another reason to predict correlations of IQ with temperature and skin color is the product-moment correlation reported by Beals, Smith, and Dodd (1984) from every continent and representing 122 ethnically distinguishable populations. Jensen (1998) reasoned that natural selection would favor a smaller head with a less spherical shape...

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“…Several risk factors have been associated with differences in cognitive functioning, such lesion level (Argento et al, 2011;Fulton & Yeates, 2010), number of shunt revisions (Barf et al, 2003;Brown et al, 2008;Hetherington et al, 2006), a history of seizures (Barf et al, 2003;Brown et al, 2008), age (Wills, 1993), ethnicity (Fletcher et al, 2008;Sattler, 2008;Sternberg, 2004), and SES (McLoyd, 1998;Swartwout, Garnaat, Myszka, Fletcher, & Dennis, 2010). These factors were hypothesized to Neuropsychological profiles of children with SBM 805 predict group membership, such that clusters 2 and 4 would have more biological risk factors than clusters 1 and 3; and clusters 1 and 2 would have more advantageous environmental factors than clusters 3 and 4 (hypothesis 2).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Profiles of Neuropsychological Functioning in Children and Adolescents with Spina Bifida: Associations with Biopsychosocial Predictors and Functional Outcomes

Wasserman

Holmbeck

2016

J Int Neuropsychol Soc

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Objectives: The current study examined neuropsychological performance among children with spina bifida (SB) to determine biological and functional correlates of distinct "profiles" of cognitive functioning. Methods: A total of 95 children with SB myelomeningocele (ages, 8-15 years) completed a neuropsychological assessment battery. Hierarchical and non-hierarchical cluster analyses were used to identify and confirm a cluster solution. Hypothesized predictors of cluster membership included lesion level, number of shunt surgeries, history of seizures, age, ethnicity, socio-economic status, and family stress. Outcomes included independence, academic success, expectations for the future, and quality of life. Results: Ward's cluster method indicated a three-cluster solution, and was replicated with two other cluster analytic methods. The following labels were applied to the clusters: "average to low average" (n = 39), "extremely low to borderline" (n = 27), and "broadly average with verbal strength" (n = 29). Socio-econimc status, lesion level, and seizure history significantly predicted group membership. Cluster membership significantly predicted independence, academic success, parent expectations for the future, and child reported physical quality of life. Conclusions: Findings from this study suggest qualitatively different cognitive profiles exist among children with SB, and the relevance of neuropsychological functioning for day-to-day adaptive functioning and quality of life. Clinical implications and future research are discussed. (JINS, 2016, 22, 804-815)

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Culture and Intelligence.

Cited by 358 publications

References 92 publications

Why choose teaching? An international review of empirical studies exploring student teachers’ career motivations and levels of commitment to teaching

Why choose teaching? An international review of empirical studies exploring student teachers’ career motivations and levels of commitment to teaching

Temperature, skin color, per capita income, and IQ: An international perspective

Profiles of Neuropsychological Functioning in Children and Adolescents with Spina Bifida: Associations with Biopsychosocial Predictors and Functional Outcomes

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