Culture and molecular identification of fungal contaminants in edible bird nests

Chen, Jennifer Xiao Jing; Wong, Shew Fung; Lim, Patricia Kim Chooi; Mak, Joon Wah

doi:10.1080/19440049.2015.1101494

Cited by 9 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 30 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Before the radiation, RC EBNs readings exceeded the permittable limit set by Standard Malaysia. Similarly, as reported by Chen et al (2015), all EBNs had fungal CFU that exceeded the limit (100 CFU/g). However, when RUC EBNs and RC EBNs were compared, there were no significant difference found between the total number of bacteria and fungi in both the samples but they did show significant difference in types of isolates (Chen et al, 2015;Wong S. F. et al, 2018).…”

Section: Bacterial Fungi and Mites In Ebnssupporting

confidence: 80%

“…Similarly, as reported by Chen et al (2015), all EBNs had fungal CFU that exceeded the limit (100 CFU/g). However, when RUC EBNs and RC EBNs were compared, there were no significant difference found between the total number of bacteria and fungi in both the samples but they did show significant difference in types of isolates (Chen et al, 2015;Wong S. F. et al, 2018). Wong S. F. et al (2018) reported that Enterobacter, Exiguobacterium, Brevibacillus, Caryphanon, and Solibacillus species were found exclusively in the commercial EBNs.…”

Section: Bacterial Fungi and Mites In Ebnssupporting

confidence: 80%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Potential Residual Contaminants in Edible Bird's Nest

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Edible bird’s nest (EBN) is recognized as a nourishing food among Chinese people. The efficacy of EBN was stated in the records of traditional Chinese medicine and its activities have been reported in many researches. Malaysia is the second largest exporter of EBNs in the world, after Indonesia. For many years, EBN trade to China was not regulated until August 2011, when a safety alert was triggered for the consumption of EBNs. China banned the import of EBNs from Malaysia and Indonesia due to high level of nitrite. Since then, the Malaysia government has formulated Malaysia Standards for swiftlet farming (MS 2273:2012), edible bird’s nest processing plant design and management (MS 2333:2010), and edible bird’s nest product quality (MS 2334:2011) to enable the industry to meet the specified standards for the export to China. On the other hand, Indonesia's EBN industry formulated a standard operating procedure (SOP) for exportation to China. Both countries can export EBNs to China by complying with the standards and SOPs. EBN contaminants may include but not limited to nitrite, heavy metals, excessive minerals, fungi, bacteria, and mites. The possible source of contaminants may come from the swiftlet farms and the swiftlets or introduced during processing, storage, and transportation of EBNs, or adulterants. Swiftlet house design and management, and EBN processing affect the bird’s nest color. Degradation of its optical quality has an impact on the selling price, and color changes are tied together with nitrite level. In this review, the current and future prospects of EBNs in Malaysia and Indonesia in terms of their quality, and the research on the contaminants and their effects on EBN color changes are discussed.

show abstract

Section: Bacterial Fungi and Mites In Ebnssupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Bacterial Fungi and Mites In Ebnssupporting

confidence: 80%

Potential Residual Contaminants in Edible Bird's Nest

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Some species of subgenus Polypaecilum seem to be associated with birds; for example, the isolations of A. atacamensis from cave soil beneath an ancient guano deposit in the Chilean Atacama Desert and A. insolitus from chicken litter ( Riegel et al., 1996 , Martinelli et al., 2017 ). Chen et al. (2015) reported an unidentified species of subgenus Polypaecilum (“ Phialosimplex sp.”) isolated from edible bird nests in Malaysia using Sabouraud dextrose agar.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

AspergillussubgenusPolypaecilumfrom the built environment

Tanney

Visagie

Yılmaz

et al. 2017

Studies in Mycology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Xerophilic fungi, especially Aspergillus species, are prevalent in the built environment. In this study, we employed a combined culture-independent (454-pyrosequencing) and culture-dependent (dilution-to-extinction) approach to investigate the mycobiota of indoor dust collected from 93 buildings in 12 countries worldwide. High and low water activity (aw) media were used to capture mesophile and xerophile biodiversity, resulting in the isolation of approximately 9 000 strains. Among these, 340 strains representing seven putative species in Aspergillus subgenus Polypaecilum were isolated, mostly from lowered aw media, and tentatively identified based on colony morphology and internal transcribed spacer rDNA region (ITS) barcodes. Further morphological study and phylogenetic analyses using sequences of ITS, β-tubulin (BenA), calmodulin (CaM), RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2), DNA topoisomerase 1 (TOP1), and a pre-mRNA processing protein homolog (TSR1) confirmed the isolation of seven species of subgenus Polypaecilum, including five novel species: A. baarnensis, A. keratitidis, A. kalimae sp. nov., A. noonimiae sp. nov., A. thailandensis sp. nov., A. waynelawii sp. nov., and A. whitfieldii sp. nov. Pyrosequencing detected six of the seven species isolated from house dust, as well as one additional species absent from the cultures isolated, and three clades representing potentially undescribed species. Species were typically found in house dust from subtropical and tropical climates, often in close proximity to the ocean or sea. The presence of subgenus Polypaecilum, a recently described clade of xerophilic/xerotolerant, halotolerant/halophilic, and potentially zoopathogenic species, within the built environment is noteworthy.

show abstract

“…Meanwhile, yeast content for all EBN samples was within the tolerance level. A study done found that the amount of yeast and mould had exceeded the limit set by SIRIM for all EBN [11]. e common fungi that isolated were Aspergillus sp., Candida sp., Cladosporium sp., Neurospora sp., and Penicillium sp.…”

Section: Safety Profile: Microbiology Profilementioning

confidence: 98%

“…Moreover, the analyses previously performed were not representative of all regions in Malaysia [3,4,7]. Despite being acclaimed as a nutritious food, there are many safety issues arising from Malaysia EBN in recent years; namely, high nitrate and nitrite contents [8,9], EBN adulteration [5], presence of heavy metal [4,10], pathological microorganism, and fungal infection [11]. e contaminants in EBN may be potentially harmful to the consumers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proximate Analysis and Safety Profile of Farmed Edible Bird’s Nest in Malaysia and Its Effect on Cancer Cells

Tan

Sani

Lim

et al. 2020

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Edible bird’s nest (EBN) which is solidified swiftlet’s saliva contains high nutritional value. It is widely consumed in countries like Malaysia, Indonesia, and Thailand. However, previous proximate analysis of Malaysia EBN was not representative of all the regions in Malaysia. In recent years, safety issues such as high nitrate and nitrite contents, presence of heavy metal, adulteration, fungal infection, and cancer cell stimulation were associated with EBN. Hence, this study aimed to determine the proximate analysis, safety profile during normal weather and hazy periods, and its effect on cancer cells stimulation in Malaysia-farmed EBN. Seven raw cleaned EBN samples were sourced from 6 different regions in Malaysia. Proximate analysis and safety profile were performed using official AOCA methods and Malaysian Standard. High protein (53.03–56.37%) and carbohydrate content (27.97–31.68%) with an acceptable level of moisture (10.8–14.04%) and ash (2.22–3.38%) were reported. A good safety profile was obtained with low nitrite and nitrate levels, with undetectable heavy metals and no significant growth of pathogenic microorganism except mould. Epidermal growth factor was detected but below the quantification level with the chicken EGF ELISA kit. The microculture tetrazolium (MTT) assay was performed for growth stimulation assessment comparing human EGF and EBN. There was no significant cell growth observed in cancer cells after EBN treatment. In conclusion, EBN Malaysia has a good nutritional profile, free of heavy metals, and an acceptable level of nitrate, nitrite, and microorganism profile except for mould contents. Furthermore, the in vitro study indicated that EBN was not associated with cancer cell growth.

show abstract

Culture and molecular identification of fungal contaminants in edible bird nests

Cited by 9 publications

References 30 publications

Potential Residual Contaminants in Edible Bird's Nest

Potential Residual Contaminants in Edible Bird's Nest

AspergillussubgenusPolypaecilumfrom the built environment

Proximate Analysis and Safety Profile of Farmed Edible Bird’s Nest in Malaysia and Its Effect on Cancer Cells

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About