Culture, cross-role consistency, and adjustment: Testing trait and cultural psychology perspectives.

Church, A. Timothy; Anderson-Harumi, Cheryl A.; Prado, Alicia M. del; Curtis, Guy J.; Tanaka‐Matsumi, Junko; Medina, José Luis Valdez; Mastor, Khairul Anwar; White, Fiona A.; Miramontes, Lilia A.; Katigbak, Marcia S.

doi:10.1037/0022-3514.95.3.739

Cited by 118 publications

(106 citation statements)

References 88 publications

(211 reference statements)

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“…In addition, in both cultural samples the strongest correlations were observed between cross-role variability and negative affect, as in the present study. Church, Anderson-Harumi et al (2008) found that cross-role consistency predicted well-being better in the United States than in Mexico, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Japan, and cross-role consistency was again most reliably related to negative affect. Finally, two cross-cultural studies examined the relationship between cross-context consistency and alternative indicators of well-being.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…In the present study, we define self-concept consistency as the consistency of individuals' trait ratings across different roles, and refer to this construct as cross-role consistency (see also Boucher, 2011;Church, Anderson-Harumi et al, 2008). Others have labeled this construct identity consistency (Suh, 2002), self-concept unity (Campbell et al, 2003), or, inversely, self-concept differentiation (Roberts & Donahue, 1994), cross-role variation (Sheldon, Ryan, Rawsthorne, & Ilardi, 1997), or intraindividual personality variability (Baird, Le, & Lucas, 2006).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…According to theory (e.g., Jahoda, 1958;Jourard, 1965) and empirical findings (Campbell et al, 2003;Church, Anderson-Harumi et al, 2008;Donahue, Robins, Roberts, & John, 1993;Sheldon et al, 1997), a consistent and stable self-concept is important for adjustment or wellbeing, at least in Western or individualistic cultures. However, cultural psychologists have hypothesized that the relationship between consistency and well-being may be weaker or nonexistent in collectivistic cultures, where self-concept flexibility and adaptability to situational contexts are valued (Markus & Kitayama, 1998;Suh, 2002).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…In terms of the number of cultures investigated, Church, Anderson-Harumi et al (2008) conducted the most comprehensive study relating cross-role consistency and adjustment. They found that indices of cross-role variability predicted one or more adjustment variables in all six cultures studied (the United States, Australia, Mexico, Philippines, Malaysia, and Japan), although variability indices were generally more strongly and reliably related to adjustment in the American sample than in the presumed collectivistic cultures (Mexico, Philippines, Malaysia, and Japan), especially Japan.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Relating Self-Concept Consistency to Hedonic and Eudaimonic Well-Being in Eight Cultures

Church

Katigbak

Ibáñez‐Reyes

et al. 2014

Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology

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Western theories suggest that self-concept consistency is important for well-being, but cultural psychologists have proposed that this relationship may be weaker in collectivistic or dialectical cultures. Hypotheses regarding the ability of self-concept (cross-role) consistency and short-term stability to predict hedonic and eudaimonic well-being across cultures were tested. College students in the United States, Australia, Mexico, Venezuela, Philippines, Malaysia, China, and Japan rated their traits in various roles at test and retest and completed measures of hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. In all cultures, cross-role consistency and short-term stability were inversely associated with negative affect, an aspect of hedonic well-being, and positively associated with Big Five Emotional Stability. In contrast, cross-role consistency and short-term stability were related to eudaimonic well-being more reliably in individualistic cultures than in collectivistic cultures, although the results in China only partially conformed to this pattern. We concluded that cross-role variability and short-term instability of self-concepts have a significant temperamental or affective basis and this temperamental basis is a cultural universal. In addition, cultural psychology predictions of a weaker relationship between self-concept consistency and well-being in collectivistic cultures, as compared to individualistic cultures, was largely supported for eudaimonic well-being.Keywords: culture, cross-role consistency, short-term stability, hedonic and eudaimonic wellbeing, individualism-collectivism, dialecticism SELF-CONCEPT CONSISTENCY AND WELL-BEING 3 Self-concept consistency has been defined in a variety of ways and different consistency constructs may relate differently to well-being (Campbell, Assanand, & Di Paula, 2003). In the present study, we define self-concept consistency as the consistency of individuals' trait ratings across different roles, and refer to this construct as cross-role consistency (see also Boucher, 2011;Church, Anderson-Harumi et al., 2008) According to theory (e.g., Jahoda, 1958;Jourard, 1965) and empirical findings (Campbell et al., 2003;Church, Anderson-Harumi et al., 2008;Donahue, Robins, Roberts, & John, 1993; Sheldon et al., 1997), a consistent and stable self-concept is important for adjustment or wellbeing, at least in Western or individualistic cultures. However, cultural psychologists have hypothesized that the relationship between consistency and well-being may be weaker or nonexistent in collectivistic cultures, where self-concept flexibility and adaptability to situational contexts are valued (Markus & Kitayama, 1998;Suh, 2002). Indeed, Suh (2002), in a comparison of cross-role consistency in Americans and Koreans, found support for this hypothesis, and attributed the cultural differences to differences in self-construals.Alternatively, English and Chen (2007) and Boucher (2011) attributed the hypothesized weaker relationship between cross-role consistency and well-being in East...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Relating Self-Concept Consistency to Hedonic and Eudaimonic Well-Being in Eight Cultures

Church

Katigbak

Ibáñez‐Reyes

et al. 2014

Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology

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“…(2010) found that Chinese averaged modestly lower in self-concept consistency across roles than did Americans, and attributed the cultural differences to dialecticism. Church, Anderson-Harumi, et al (2008) concluded that the cultural differences in their study were better explained by East Asian dialecticism than individualism-collectivism, because only their Japanese sample, and not Mexicans, Filipinos, or Malaysians, exhibited lower consistency than their American and Australian samples. Using a different methodology, Kanagawa, Cross, and Markus (2001) had Americans and Japanese fill out a sentence completion measure of self-concept while situated in different contexts.…”

Section: Trait and Cultural Psychology Perspectives On Consistencymentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-concept consistency and short-term stability in eight cultures

Church

Álvarez

Katigbak

et al. 2012

Journal of Research in Personality

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Self-concept consistency and short-term stability were investigated in the United States, Australia, Mexico, Venezuela, Philippines, Malaysia, China, and Japan. Evidence for substantial cross-role consistency and reliable within-individual variability in trait self-perceptions were found in each culture. Participants in all cultures exhibited short-term stability in their selfreported traits within roles and moderately stable if-then patterns of trait self-perceptions.Cultural differences, which primarily involved Japan, were partially accounted for by cultural differences in dialecticism, but not self-construals or cultural tightness. In all cultures, satisfaction of needs in various roles partially accounted for within-individual variability in selfreported traits. The results provide support for integrating trait and cultural psychology perspectives, as well as structure and process approaches, in the study of self-concepts across cultures.Keywords: culture; self-concept; consistency; within-individual variability; self-construals; dialecticism; tightness-looseness SELF-CONCEPT CONSISTENCY IN EIGHT CULTURES 3 IntroductionWestern theorists have long contended that a consistent self-concept is important for adjustment and a clear sense of identity (Jahoda, 1958;Jourard, 1965;Maslow, 1954). For example, in Erikson's (1950) theory, healthy mastery of the identity versus role diffusion stage of development involves self-perceptions of inner sameness and continuity. Similarly, Jourard (1965) argued that a psychologically healthy individual retains a consistent self-view across social roles. Consistent with these theories, studies in American samples have linked self-concept inconsistency to a variety of unhealthy outcomes, including anxiety, depression, lower selfesteem, and lower life satisfaction (Campbell, Assanand, & Di Paula, 2003;Donahue, Robins, Roberts, & John, 1993;Sheldon, Ryan, Rawsthorne, & Ilardi, 1997). Researchers who have investigated self-concept consistency across cultures have generally done so by quantifying the amount of variability in participants' ratings of their personality traits across various roles or relationships. In the present study, we extended this research by investigating the cross-role consistency and short-term stability of trait self-SELF-CONCEPT CONSISTENCY IN EIGHT CULTURES 4 perceptions in eight diverse cultures. In formulating hypotheses about cultural differences in consistency it is useful to consider both trait and cultural psychology perspectives. Trait and cultural psychology perspectives on consistencyFrom trait psychology, we anticipate that people in all cultures exhibit a degree of consistency in how they describe their traits in various roles (Church, 2000;Funder & Colvin, 1991;Oishi, Diener, Scollon, & Biswas-Diener, 2004). In this view, heritable traits contribute to a degree of behavioral consistency in all cultures, which, in turn, leads to some consistency in self-perceptions of one's traits in various roles (Funder, 1995;Wood & Roberts, 2006). Fr...

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Exploring the Generalization Process from Past Behavior to Predicting Future Behavior

Harris

Lee

Thompson

et al. 2015

Behavioral Decision Making

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Substantial evidence in social psychology documents that traits predict behavior. Research in behavioral economics establishes prior behavioral information-the actual behavior of another person in the past-influences future decision making, suggestive of the role of traits in guiding future behavior, but agnostic to the specific psychological mechanism. Yet the entire generalization process from past behavior to predicting future behavior has not been fully explored. Additionally, previous paradigms do not adequately dissociate prediction from explanation, and provide participants with trait information, or rely on participants to generate the appropriate trait. Here, we combine literature and experimental approaches in social psychology and behavioral economics to explore the generalization process from prior behavior that guides future decisions. Across three studies utilizing consequential economic game paradigms and online questionnaires, an initial group of participants (employees) played a time estimation game and a charity donations game before a second group of participants (employers) viewed the behavior of the first group, then decided whether to invest in employees in a trust game and rock guessing game. Although participants infer trait warmth and competence from the behavioral information in the first two games, estimates of normative behavior predicted investment decisions on the warmth-relevant games better than trait inferences. These results dissociate generalizations guided by warmth and competence behavioral information, and question the extent to which traits always serve as heuristics to predict behavior.

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Culture, cross-role consistency, and adjustment: Testing trait and cultural psychology perspectives.

Cited by 118 publications

References 88 publications

Relating Self-Concept Consistency to Hedonic and Eudaimonic Well-Being in Eight Cultures

Relating Self-Concept Consistency to Hedonic and Eudaimonic Well-Being in Eight Cultures

Self-concept consistency and short-term stability in eight cultures

Exploring the Generalization Process from Past Behavior to Predicting Future Behavior

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