Culture of Strategically Pooled Bovine Fecal Samples as a Method to Screen Herds for Paratuberculosis

Kalis, C.H.J.; Hesselink, Jan Willem; Barkema, Herman W.; Collins, Michael T.

doi:10.1177/104063870001200609

Cited by 61 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Pooling was performed by mixing fecal samples from 5 animals ordered by age. 11 Fecal culture procedure. Fecal samples were cultured using a modified Jørgensen method.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Two Absorbed Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays and a Complement Fixation Test as Replacements for Fecal Culture in the Detection of Cows SheddingMycobacterium AviumSubspeciesParatuberculosis

et al. 2002

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Abstract. Control of paratuberculosis in dairy herds is based on preventing the transmission of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Mptb) from cows to calves by management measures, supported by removal of cows excreting these bacteria by the fecal route (Mptb shedders). Fecal culture is the most accurate test for identifying Mptb shedders, but this technique is expensive and takes up to 16 weeks for results to be available. Serologic tests are inexpensive, rapid, and easy to perform. Of serologic tests, the complement fixation test (CFT) and absorbed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) are the serologic tests used most frequently; the CFT is considered less accurate than the ELISA with respect to sensitivity and specificity. The commonly accepted absorbed ELISA is from the Australian Central Serum Laboratory. However, a European supplier has marketed a second ELISA that is supposed to be more sensitive in detecting Mptb shedders. These 2 absorbed ELISAs, designated ELISA-A and ELISA-B, and an in-house CFT were compared with data from 2 serum panels. The Mptb shedding panel consisted of sera from 198 culture-positive cows from 53 infected herds. The method used for culture of fecal samples was a modified Jørgensen method on individual samples. The Mptb shedder detection rate by the 3 serologic tests ranged from 29.8% to 39.4%. Detection rate for ELISA-A was lower than that for ELISA-B and CFT. For all 3 tests, detection rate was dependent on the level of Mptb shedding and the age of the animals. Detection rates increased as cattle age increased to 4 years. The specificity panel was initially composed of sera from 811 cows randomly selected from 41 herds without clinical paratuberculosis that were negative for Mptb based on whole-herd fecal culture. The modified Jørgensen method for culture was used on pooled fecal samples. Serologic test specificity ranged from 93.4% to 99.8%. The specificity of ELISA-A was higher than that of ELISA-B and CFT. Specificity of ELISA-B between herds was 75-100%. Specificity of CFT between herds was 62-100%. The low specificity of ELISA-B and CFT could not be explained by a higher sensitivity for Mptb-infected cows before onset of shedding, because in the 19 herds with 8 more subsequent negative whole-herd fecal cultures in the 4 years after sampling, specificity was not improved. The insufficient specificity of ELISA-B was not corrected sufficiently by heightening the cutoff value because Mptb shedder detection rate was lowered to 28.9%, equal to that of ELISA-A, and specificity only rose to 97%, much lower than that of ELISA-A. Taking into account the different test characteristics, serologic tests are a cost-effective alternative to fecal culture in high-prevalence herds. For certification programs, only ELISA-A is recommended because in a large number of nonsuspect herds specificity remained almost 100%.Paratuberculosis, or Johne's disease, in cattle is a chronic, infectious enteric disease caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Mptb). Clinical sig...

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“…Pooling was performed by mixing fecal samples from 5 animals ordered by age. 11 Fecal culture procedure. Fecal samples were cultured using a modified Jørgensen method.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Two Absorbed Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays and a Complement Fixation Test as Replacements for Fecal Culture in the Detection of Cows SheddingMycobacterium AviumSubspeciesParatuberculosis

et al. 2002

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“…Test schemes were based on herd examinations by serology (ELISA), individual faecal culture (IFC) [21] or pooled faecal culture (PFC) [22]. For each test scheme, the number of negative herd examinations required for a 'red' herd to move to the pool of 'green' herds was determined by the confidence that the concentration of Map in bulk milk was < 10 3 /L.…”

Section: Preventive Management Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Milk quality assurance for paratuberculosis: simulation of within-herd infection dynamics and economics

Weber

Nielen²,

Velthuis³

et al. 2008

Vet. Res.

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-A bulk milk quality assurance programme for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) in dairy herds was simulated with a stochastic simulation model (JohneSSim). The aim of this study was to evaluate the epidemiological and economic effects of preventive management measures and various test schemes in a simulated population of closed Dutch dairy herds over a 20-year period. Herds were certified as 'low-Map bulk milk' if, with a certain probability, the concentration of Map in bulk milk did not exceed a maximum acceptable concentration of 10 3 Map organisms per litre (based on pasteurisation studies). The programme started with an initial assessment; test-negative herds entered a surveillance procedure and test-positive herds a control procedure. The simulations showed that herd examinations by ELISA for the initial assessment, surveillance and control procedures effectively ensure the quality of 'lowMap bulk milk': > 75% of simulated herds were certified and > 96% of certified herds produced bulk milk with < 10 3 Map/L if the initial herd-level prevalence was 30%. Preventive management measures only had a minor effect on bulk milk quality of certified herds. Culling based on biennial faecal culture was more effective than culling based on annual ELISA. Average total discounted costs for 20-year participation in a programme consisting of initial assessment by ELISA, surveillance by biennial ELISA and control by biennial faecal culture were e16 × 10 3 per herd.In conclusion, this study shows that a bulk milk quality assurance programme for closed Dutch dairy herds is feasible and provides information on the cost-effectiveness of different programmes. The concepts of this study equally apply to other countries because mechanisms of paratuberculosis infection, disease, and testing are comparable in other dairy cattle populations. dairy cattle / milk / paratuberculosis / stochastic simulation model / quality assurance programme

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“…Such pooling across individuals has been suggested as a means of economically increasing the sensitivity of herd screening by allowing the inclusion of more animals. 7,16 Others have proposed that such variability in culture results is not the result of shedding variability on the part of the cow but rather is the result of the low sensitivity of conventional culture methods and that repeated culture of the same sample would achieve the same sensitivity increase. 8 Finally, in preclinical animals, Map is found in various body tissues including parenchymous organs, 9 feti, 12 and milk, 13 which suggests that intermittent, if not frequent, bacteremia episodes occur.…”

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confidence: 99%

Temporal Patterns of Diagnostic Results in Serial Samples from Cattle with Advanced Paratuberculosis Infections

et al. 2003

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Abstract. As part of investigating diagnostic strategies for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map), serial results from polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on extraintestinal tissues (blood, milk, and liver) were compared with those from more conventional detection methods including serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), fecal culture, and fecal PCR. Three cows previously identified as being subclinically infected with Map were selected for the study. Blood, milk, and feces were collected daily and liver biopsies were obtained weekly for a 30-day period. Unexpectedly, a substantial daily variation in serum ELISA sample to positive (S/P) ratios was observed in all 3 cows. In contrast, fecal culture results were consistently positive. However, whereas fecal culture colony counts were consistently high for 2 cows throughout the study, colony counts from the third cow varied from day to day. Diagnostic sensitivity of PCR for fecal, blood, milk, and liver samples in these advanced subclinically infected cows was 87%, 40%, 96%, and 93%, respectively.

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Culture of Strategically Pooled Bovine Fecal Samples as a Method to Screen Herds for Paratuberculosis

Cited by 61 publications

References 10 publications

Evaluation of Two Absorbed Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays and a Complement Fixation Test as Replacements for Fecal Culture in the Detection of Cows SheddingMycobacterium AviumSubspeciesParatuberculosis

Evaluation of Two Absorbed Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays and a Complement Fixation Test as Replacements for Fecal Culture in the Detection of Cows SheddingMycobacterium AviumSubspeciesParatuberculosis

Milk quality assurance for paratuberculosis: simulation of within-herd infection dynamics and economics

Temporal Patterns of Diagnostic Results in Serial Samples from Cattle with Advanced Paratuberculosis Infections

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