Cultures of Dinophysis sacculus, D. acuminata and pectenotoxin 2 affect gametes and fertilization success of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas

Abstract

Dinophysis sacculus and D. acuminata increased mortality of Crassostrea gigas oocytes Exposure of oocytes and spermatozoa to 0.5 cells mL -1 of D. sacculus decreased subsequent fertilization success Oyster gametes were negatively affected by exposure to whole culture or resuspended cells of Dinophysis spp. 5 nM of PTX2 decreased fertilization success of oocytes and 500 nM of PTX2 increased ROS production; OA showed no effect

Niche differentiation of Dinophysis acuta and D. acuminata in a stratified fjord

“…Species of Dinophysis have drawn attention worldwide due to their capacity to produce two groups of lipophilic toxins. The first group, okadaic acid (OA) and its derivatives, the dinophysistoxins (DTX), cause diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) (Gestal-Otero, 2014;Reguera et al, 2014;Yasumoto et al, 1980); the second group, the pectenotoxins (PTX), are hepatotoxic in cellular assays (Munday, 2014), and cause negative effects on early life stages of fish (Rountos et al, 2019) and shellfish (Gaillard et al, 2020). The production of one or both groups of toxins is very variable, even between strains of the same species from different regions (Reguera et al, 2014).…”

Effect of a short-term salinity stress on the growth, biovolume, toxins, osmolytes and metabolite profiles on three strains of the Dinophysis acuminata-complex (Dinophysis cf. sacculus)

“…The three mixotrophic Dinophysis strains were cultivated according to a classic three-step culture method (Park et al, 2006) with the ciliate Mesodinium rubrum (Lohmann, 1908) (strain MBL-DK2009) and the cryptophyte Teleaulax amphioxeia (Conrad) Hill (Hill, 1992) (strain AND-0710) as described in Gaillard et al (2020). Dinophysis cultures were maintained in sterilized seawater at salinity 35, 17.8 ± 0.6 °C, and light intensity of ~ 100 µmol photons m -2 s -1 with a circadian cycle of 12: 12 (L: D; Table 1).…”

“…Intracellular metabolites were extracted with methanol (at a ratio of 0.5 mL for 25 x 10 3 cells) and sonicated at 25 kHz for 15 min. Extracellular metabolites were recovered from the supernatant after liquid-liquid extraction with dichloromethane, evaporated under a flow of nitrogen (Gaillard et al, 2020) and resuspended in 0.5 to 1.4 mL of methanol. All the samples were filtered (0.2 µm, Nanosep, MF, Pall) before analysis.…”

“…Moreover, recent studies highlighted direct effects of Dinophysis on commercial bivalve shellfish species, such as hypersecretion of mucus and paralysis in the Japanese (Mizuhopecten yessoensis) and noble (Mimachlamys nobilis) scallops (Basti et al, 2015), reduction in clearance rate of the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) (Nielsen et al, 2020) or an increase in oocyte mortality and a decrease of fertilization success of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) (Gaillard et al, 2020).…”

The toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum affects oyster gamete health and fertilization potential

“…In particular, contaminants could negatively affect their reproduction as demonstrated in oysters exposed to anthropogenic pollutants (Akcha et al, 2012;Fitzpatrick et al, 2008;Mai et al, 2013;Vignier et al, 2017Vignier et al, , 2015. Experimental studies suggest that harmful algal blooms (HAB), often caused by dinoflagellates, can affect marine bivalve reproduction by altering gamete quality and larval development, growth, and survival (Banno et al, 2018;Basti et al, 2013Basti et al, , 2011Binzer et al, 2018;Bricelj and MacQuarrie, 2007;Castrec et al, 2020Castrec et al, , 2019De Rijcke et al, 2015;Gaillard et al, 2020;Rolton et al, 2018Rolton et al, , 2015Rolton et al, , 2014Tang and Gobler, 2012). In coastal areas, HAB are a recurring phenomenon that can co-occur with the reproduction of free spawning marine organisms (Gaillard et al, 2020).…”