Culturing live foods for fish larviculture using non‐microalgal diet: The role of waste‐generated bacteria and selected commercial probiotics—A review

Abstract

Condensed suspension of live microalga cells, for example, Chlorella vulgaris, Nannochloropsis oculata and Tetraselmis tetrathele is often utilized as diets for mass production of live food resources, that is, rotifers, copepods, cladocerans and Artemia. These live food resources are essential for fish larviculture in hatcheries. However, the production of sufficient microalgae is costly, laborious and fragile, and thus require costeffective and stable production technologies, especially for the emerging countries.Studies have shown that locally available biowastes such as fish wastes and chicken manure provide substrates for generating billions of heterotrophic bacterial cells and microparticles as well as growth hormones, which can be used in propagating live food resources. The fish wastes contain essential nutrients that are important for the growth of both live foods and fish larvae. With single feeding of fish wastes, the culture condition of live foods may become unstable, and thus bacterial isolates and selected probiotics, for example, genus Pseudomonas, Moraxella and Micrococcus are needed to stabilize the culture conditions to increase reproduction capacity of the cultured live foods. This article consolidates the results and conclusions of our recent studies on the culture of live food resources, that is, Proales similis de Beauchamp, Brachionus rotundiformis Tschugunoff, Tigriopus japonicus Mori and Diaphanosoma celebensis Stingelin, using waste-generated bacteria from fish waste diet (FWD) and selected probiotics.The non-algal materials reviewed in this article are important to ensure constant supply of cheap live foods to improve aquaculture, especially in the developing countries, which lack sophisticated technology for production of high-density microalgae. K E Y W O R D Sbacterial biomass, chicken manure extract (CME), fish waste diet (FWD), live food, microalgae, single cell proteins (SCP)This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Application of biofloc technology in the larval rearing of zebrafish (Danio rerio)

“…Several studies have sought alternatives to live food production, and Kagali et al (2022) suggested the biofloc system as an alternative system, with the potential to avoid enrichment necessities and microbiological contamination. Therefore, the direct use of bioflocs, such as a larviculture system, is promising because of the stability of water quality parameters.…”

Locomotory behaviour of euryhaline rotifer Brachionus rotundiformis: The potential influence of probiotics on swimming pattern and speed

“…Conversely, Rotman et al (2011) reported in their study that the addition of commercial probiotics did not affect rotifer population density. The action of probiotics is thought to follow species-and strain-specific properties (Cha et al, 2013;Kagali et al, 2022;Lamari et al, 2014).…”

Effects of supply ratio of chicken manure extract and yeast solution on reproductivity and culture conditions of euryhaline rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis)

“…On the other hand, the rotifers could obtain some nutritional ingredients through direct ingestion of microparticles (ash, organic debris, etc.) in the absence of microalgae or at low microalgae density (Kagali et al, 2022; Ogello et al, 2018; Quy et al, 2018; Rothhaupt, 1990). CME is rich in nutrients, such as PUFAs (Chen et al, 2006; Das et al, 2009; Deng et al, 2020; Wang et al, 2003; Watanabe et al, 1983); therefore, CME is likely to be able to improve the nutritional status of rotifers.…”