Objectives-This study examines the relationship between reports of childhood abuse and selfrated health in adulthood, and the potential of personal control to serve as a mediator.Method-Regression models were estimated using data from the National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS).Results-Reported emotional abuse was associated with lower personal control. In addition, women who reported emotional abuse by mother or both parents were more likely than women who were not abused to report lower self-rated health. The relationship between emotional abuse by both parents and self-rated health was mediated by personal control.Discussion-The findings suggest that there are long-term health consequences of early childhood abuse. The effects of childhood abusive experiences, however, operate differently for men and women and are dependent on the outcome examined. Childhood abuse compromises personal control that, in turn, leads to lower health ratings.
Keywords child abuse; health ratingsThe events that people experience help shape the life course; however, some people are more likely to be exposed to many negative and potentially traumatic events. Exposure to negative events is not random or based on chance alone; rather, social structures and processes predispose some people to face such events with increased frequency. The negative effects of these experiences may accumulate over time exposing the individual to greater risk. Life course researchers have found that adverse experiences, such as parental loss or living in a violent household, are not without consequence and may have a relatively enduring effect on health throughout adulthood (Felitti, 2002;Felitti et al., 1998;Grimstad & Schei, 1999;White & Widom, 2003;Williamson, Thompson, Anda, Dietz, & Felitti, 2002).Although much of the extant research has focused on the effects of childhood sexual abuse (Classen et al., 2002;Grimstad & Schei, 1999), research reveals that physical and emotional abuse occur far more frequently in American households (Administration on Children, Youth, and Families [ACF], 2002). The consequences of child abuse are widespread. Adults who were physically or emotionally abused as children are more likely to report experiencing physical health problems (Felitti et al., 1998;Kendall-Tackett & Marshall, 1999;Shaw & Krause, 2002;Springer, Sheridan, Kuo, & Carnes, 2003), engage in negative health-related behaviors Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Shalon Irving, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907−1365; e-mail: irvings@cla.purdue.edu.. (Caetano, Field, & Nelson, 2003;Dietz et al., 1999;Horwitz, Widom, McLaughlin, & White, 2001), and have impaired psychosocial resource development (Kendall-Tackett, 2002;Kessler & Magee, 1994;Shaw & Krause, 2002). These adverse consequences are often magnified when individuals are exposed to more than one abusive experience or frequent abuse (Dong, Anda, Dube, Giles, & Felitti, 2003;Dube, Anda, Felitti...