Cumulative risk assessment of pesticide residues in different Iranian pistachio cultivars: Applying the source specific HQS and adversity specific HIA approaches in Real Life Risk Simulations (RLRS)

Evaluation of neurotoxicity and hepatotoxicity effects of acute and sub-acute oral administration of unripe ackee (Blighia sapida) fruit extract

“…Furthermore, a recent report showed nearly above estimated daily intake levels of aluminium, arsenic, cadmium and lead in ackee fruits [71], also mercury have been found in many fruits and vegetables [72,73]. There are reports that accumulation of low dose metals have potential neurobehavioral and neurotoxicants effects in rodents [74], which can influence the development of neurodegenerative diseases [75]. Moreover, evidence has been accumulating that neurotoxicant contained in food cause neurodevelopmental disabilities [76,77], hence children exposed to chronic ingestion of unripe ackee fruit as a result of food scarcity may develop learning disabilities.…”

Carcinogenic, ethanol, acetaldehyde and noncarcinogenic higher alcohols, esters, and methanol compounds found in traditional alcoholic beverages. A risk assessment approach

“…In the present study, the concentrations of cancinogenic or possibly carcinogenic compounds (ethanol and acetaldehyde), higher alcohols (1-propanol, isobutanol, and isoamyl alcohol), esters (ethyl acetate), and methanol in the most popular Greek traditional alcoholic beverages (tsipouro and tsikoudia) were measured to estimate the potential cancer risk and daily intake of the compounds. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) margin of exposure (MOE) was used for cancer risk characterization, and the no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL), oral reference dose (RfD), and data from the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) were used to assess the health risk of the compounds, in accordance with the health risk index (HRI), [ [17] , [18] , [19] , [20] , [21] , [22] , [23] , [24] , [25] ].…”

Critical assessment and integration of separate lines of evidence for risk assessment of chemical mixtures

“…There is a pressing need to develop methods, in particular with regard to their regulatory application, that are able to assess the health effects that may be produced by exposure to chemical mixtures with the aim of minimizing or preventing the risk of developing diseases (Kostoff et al 2018;Webster 2018). In general, the hazard of chemical mixtures can be assessed as a whole, using whole-mixture approaches (Wade et al 2002;Docea et al 2018Docea et al , 2019Taghizadeh et al 2019), or predicted based on individual components of the mixture (component-based approach), depending on the available data. The wholemixture approach is frequently applied for environmental samples, as it has the advantage of assessing the toxicity of mixtures of unknown composition and unknown potential for interactions, and measures directly the combined effect of the complete mixture.…”

“…This methodology proposed new approaches for the risk characterization of single chemicals and chemical mixtures by introducing the source-related Hazard Quotient (HQs) and Hazard Index (HI) and the adversity-specific Hazard Index (HIa). This methodology can be used for any kind of adverse effects and endpoints as shown in case studies determining HQs for PCBs in fish (Renieri et al 2019) and HQs and HIa for pesticides in pistachio (Taghizadeh et al 2019).…”