Cumulative Risks of Multiple Criminal Justice Outcomes in New York City

Hepburn, Peter; Kohler-Hausmann, Issa; Medina, Angela Zorro

doi:10.1007/s13524-019-00781-7

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…But based on data from the SUNY system (Rosenthal et al. ), arrests and convictions among young people (Brame, Bushway, Paternoster, & Turner, ; Hepburn, Kohler‐Hausmann, & Zorro Medina, ), and felony convictions (Shannon et al., ), we estimate that at least 102,000 college applicants were required to report a conviction in 2016. Applying our findings from figure , we estimate that at least 25,000 were denied.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

Criminal records and college admissions: A modified experimental audit

Stewart

Uggen

2019

Criminology

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In this article, we consider the effect of criminal records on college admissions. Nearly 72 percent of colleges require criminal history information during their application processes, which indicates that an applicant's criminal history could be a significant impediment to achieving the benefits associated with higher education. We conducted a modified experimental audit to learn whether and to what extent criminal records affect admissions decisions. Matched same-race pairs of tester applications were sent to a national sample of nonelite 4-year colleges, with both testers applying as either Black or White. Within each pair, one application signaled a prior low-level felony conviction only when required by the application. Consistent with the findings of research on employment, we find the rejection rate for applicants with felony convictions was nearly 2.5 times the rate of our control testers. Relative to the large racial differences observed in previous studies of hiring decisions, we find smaller racial differences in admissions decisions. Nevertheless, Black applicants with criminal records were particularly penalized when disclosing a felony record at colleges with high campus crime rates. We address implications for reentry, racial progress, and the college "Ban the Box" movement. We suggest colleges consider narrowing the scope of such inquiries or removing the question altogether -particularly when it conflicts with the goals of these institutions, including reducing the underrepresentation of students of color." 156

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mentioning

confidence: 98%

Criminal records and college admissions: A modified experimental audit

Stewart

Uggen

2019

Criminology

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“…We define the muni-shuffle as the process by which parochial governance fosters low-level, routine interaction with the police and courts and sustains such contact by limiting remedies for resolving debt, including the monetization of legal representation, and fragmenting information flow between municipalities and to citizens. Municipal sanctions, primarily traffic tickets, unduly target and affect people with fewer economic means and people of color (Hepburn, Kohler-Hausmann, and Medina 2019), and the associated sanctions and conditions of compliance tether people to the system (Harris, Evans, and Beckett 2010;Pattillo and Kirk 2021). We contend that the lack of oversight on the part of the state combined with the individualistic, racialized construction of municipalities has allowed these systems of control to continue since Ferguson.…”

Section: Reinforcing the Web Of Municipal Courts: Evidence And Implications Post-fergusonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reinforcing the Web of Municipal Courts: Evidence and Implications Post-Ferguson

Huebner

Giuffre

2022

rsf

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Investigations in Ferguson, Missouri, revealed that many individuals, particularly Black people, entered the criminal justice system for relatively minor offenses, missed court appearances, or failure to pay fines. Municipal courts were focused on revenue generation, which led to aggressive enforcement of municipal codes. Although subsequent reforms were passed, little is known about whether and how the legislative changes influenced the law-in-action in the municipal courts. Using data from qualitative interviews with St. Louis area residents and regional court actors, as well as court observations, this article documents the legal structure of municipal courts in the region after Ferguson. We address how the parochial nature of municipal courts in St. Louis County perpetuates the financial marginalization of residents through the layering of punishment, and how the state legal structure further facilitates control, even after reform.

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“…Among Black men aged 16 to 24 y, misdemeanor arrest rates peaked in 2011, the peak year for police stops. Among Black men in New York City, born 1976 to 1985, around a quarter are estimated to have been convicted of a misdemeanor offense by age 44 y (31).…”

Section: Significancementioning

confidence: 99%

The cumulative risk of jail incarceration

Western

Davis

Ganter

et al. 2021

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Research on incarceration has focused on prisons, but jail detention is far more common than imprisonment. Jails are local institutions that detain people before trial or incarcerate them for short sentences for low-level offenses. Research from the 1970s and 1980s viewed jails as “managing the rabble,” a small and deeply disadvantaged segment of urban populations that struggled with problems of addiction, mental illness, and homelessness. The 1990s and 2000s marked a period of mass criminalization in which new styles of policing and court processing produced large numbers of criminal cases for minor crimes, concentrated in low-income communities of color. In a period of widespread criminal justice contact for minor offenses, how common is jail incarceration for minority men, particularly in poor neighborhoods? We estimate cumulative risks of jail incarceration with an administrative data file that records all jail admissions and discharges in New York City from 2008 to 2017. Although New York has a low jail incarceration rate, we find that 26.8% of Black men and 16.2% of Latino men, in contrast to only 3% of White men, in New York have been jailed by age 38 y. We also find evidence of high rates of repeated incarceration among Black men and high incarceration risks in high-poverty neighborhoods. Despite the jail’s great reach in New York, we also find that the incarcerated population declined in the study period, producing a large reduction in the prevalence of jail incarceration for Black and Latino men.

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Cumulative Risks of Multiple Criminal Justice Outcomes in New York City

Cited by 10 publications

References 16 publications

Criminal records and college admissions: A modified experimental audit

Criminal records and college admissions: A modified experimental audit

Reinforcing the Web of Municipal Courts: Evidence and Implications Post-Ferguson

The cumulative risk of jail incarceration

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