Regulating
electron density at the active site by integrating contributions
from multiple channels is an effective strategy to accelerate the
reaction rate. Herein, the hydrolysis of ammonia borane (AB) is systematically
studied on the NiCu alloy-loaded carbon nitride nanosheets (Ni
x
Cu
y
/CNS). The TOF
of AB hydrolysis for NiCu/CNS catalyst under visible light irradiation
was nearly 3.5 times higher than that in the dark. Photoelectrochemical
characterizations indicate that the improved photocatalytic activities
originate from a combination of alloying effect, Mott–Schottky
junction at the metal–semiconductor interface as well as the
localized surface plasmon resonance induced under the visible light
irradiation, which synergistically increase the local electron density
at the active Ni sites. More importantly, the infrared spectra and
isotope labeling-mass spectrometry methods were used to establish
the source of hydrogen and unravel the reaction mechanism. It is suggested
that the cleavages of B–H and O–H bonds are the initial
steps of AB hydrolysis, which lead to the formation of intermediates
M–H– (metal and electronegative H– from −BH3) and M–H+ (metal and
electropositive H+ from H2O), respectively.
The H2 molecule could form through three main paths as
(1) two H atoms from −BH3, (2) two H atoms from
H2O, and (3) one H atom from −BH3 and
another from H2O. Results of density functional theory
(DFT) calculations are consistent with the formation of electron-rich
Ni sites in the NiCu, and the activation of H2O is a rate-limiting
step (RLS). Redistribution of electrons in NiCu significantly enhances
the adsorption of AB, the activation of H2O molecules,
and the associative desorption of H adatoms as well, which effectively
promote the cleavage of B–H and O–H bonds and release
of H2. This work gives a systematic mechanistic study on
photocatalytic AB hydrolysis involving multichannel electron-transfer
pathways, which will provide a powerful guidance for the rational
design of active catalysts for AB hydrolysis through multipronged
effects.