Cure kinetics and morphology of blends of epoxy resin with poly (ether ether ketone) containing pendant tertiary butyl groups

Francis, Bejoy; Poel, Geert Vanden; Posada, Fabrice; Groeninckx, Gabriël; Rao, V. Lakshmana; Ramaswamy, R.; Thomas, Sabu

doi:10.1016/s0032-3861(03)00296-9

Cited by 106 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…However, their brittle nature due to its high cross-link density and poor resistance to crack propagation limits the applications in advanced aerospace structures. To overcome this problem various Engineering thermoplastics like polyether sulfone [2,3], polycarbonate [4,5], polyethylene tere phthalate [6,7], poly ether ether ketone/hydroxyl terminated poly (ether ether ketone) with pendant methyl groups (PEEKMOH) [8,9], Poly ether ether ketone/hydroxyl terminated poly ether ether ketone with pendant tertiary butyl groups [10][11][12][13] or poly (cyanoarylene ether)/hydroxyl terminated poly arylene ether nitrile with pendant tertiary butyl groups [14,15] have been used as a toughness modifiers for epoxy resin without sacrificing other thermomechanical properties. However no evidence of improvement in modulus, gas barrier property and in coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) was reported in the literature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermoplastic toughened layered silicate epoxy ternary nanocomposites—Preparation, morphology, and thermomechanical properties

Asif

Rao

Saseendran

et al. 2009

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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Epoxy-clay ternary nanocomposites were processed by melt blending of hydroxyl terminated poly (ether ether ketone) oligomer with pendant methyl groups (PEEKMOH) with diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) epoxy resin along with organically modified montmorillonite (OMC-OH) followed by curing with 4,4 0 -diamino diphenyl sulfone. Small angle X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy revealed an intercalated morphology. Tensile, flexural, storage, and loss moduli were increased whereas the tensile, flexural, and impact strength and glass transition temperature were decreased with increase in clay content for the PEEKMOH toughened epoxy system. Fracture toughness and percentage strain were increased by 66% and 45% respectively whereas the coefficient of the thermal expansion was decreased by 27% with the incorporation of 1 phr OMC-OH to the PEEKMOH toughened epoxy system compared with neat epoxy. The scanning electron microscope pictures of fracture and tensile failed surfaces revealed crack path deflection and ductile fracture with the incorporation of OMC-OH confirming the improvement in toughness. The domain size and the distance between the domains of thermoplastic phase were decreased with the addition of nanoclay into the epoxy matrix indicating the restriction of the growth mechanism by nucleation during phase separation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermoplastic toughened layered silicate epoxy ternary nanocomposites—Preparation, morphology, and thermomechanical properties

Asif

Rao

Saseendran

et al. 2009

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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“…It was reported that 4,4'-diamino diphenyl sulfone (DDS)-cured epoxy nanocomposites showed an exfoliated morphology with improved mechanical properties when dispersed through exerting shearing force on epoxy montmorillonite solution by ball milling. 19 The toughening effects of thermoplastic [21][22][23][24] and nanoclay 25 separately on the thermomechanical properties of epoxy systems have been studied enormously. However, no evidence of drastic increase in fracture toughness was reported in the open literature for epoxy clay nanocomposites.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydroxyl terminated poly(ether ether ketone) with pendant methyl group‐toughened epoxy clay ternary nanocomposites: Preparation, morphology, and thermomechanical properties

Asif

Leena

Rao

et al. 2007

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Hydroxyl terminated poly(ether ether ketone) oligomer with pendant methyl group (PEEKMOH) was prepared. Ternary nanocomposites were processed by blending PEEKMOH oligomer with diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA) epoxy resin along with organically modified montmorillonite (Cloisite 25A) followed by curing with 4,4'-diamino diphenyl sulfone. Tensile moduli and flexural moduli were increased, while the tensile strength and Izod impact strength were decreased with increase in clay content. Similarly, storage moduli and loss moduli were increased and glass transition temperature was decreased as the percentage of clay increased. X-ray diffractograms showed exfoliated morphology even with higher concentration of clay content (8 phr). Scanning electron microscopy of fractured surfaces and tensile failed specimens revealed slow crack propagation and increase in river markings with nanoclay incorporation confirming the improvement in toughness. The domain size of PEEKMOH was decreased with the incorporation of nanoclay into the epoxy matrix, indicating the restriction of growth mechanism by nucleation during phase separation. With increase in clay content, phase separation disappeared indicating gelation occurs before phase separation. Fracture toughness was increased with the addition of PEEKMOH and clay in epoxy resin. Coefficient of thermal expansion of nanocomposites decreases up to 3 phr clay concentrations thereafter it increases. A marginal increase in thermal stability was observed with increase in clay content.

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“…The autocatalytic reaction mechanism of epoxy-amine systems has been extensively reported in the literature 38,[41][42][43] and is considered for modeling the curing reaction. [44][45][46][47] When curing a thermoset without a catalyst, the reaction of a primary amine with an epoxy results in a secondary amine. Subsequently, the reaction is autocatalyzed by the formed hydroxyl groups.…”

Section: Curing Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel phosphorus‐containing hardeners with tailored chemical structures for epoxy resins: Synthesis and cured resin properties

Perez

Sandler

Altstädt

et al. 2007

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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A comparative evaluation of systematically tailored chemical structures of various phosphorus-containing aminic hardeners for epoxy resins was carried out. In particular, the effect of the oxidation state of the phosphorus in the hardener molecule on the curing behavior, the mechanical, thermomechanical, and hot-wet properties of a cured bifunctional bisphenol-A based thermoset is discussed. Particular attention is paid to the comparative pyrolysis of neat cured epoxy resins containing phosphine oxide, phosphinate, phosphonate, and phosphate (with a phosphorus content of about 2.6 wt %) and of the fire behavior of their corresponding carbon fiber-reinforced composites. Comparatively faster curing thermosetting system with an enhanced flame retardancy and adequate processing behavior can be formulated by taking advantage of the higher reactivity of the phosphorus-modified hardeners. For example, a combination of the high reactivity and of induced secondary crosslinking reactions leads to a comparatively high T g when curing the epoxy using a substoichiometric amount of the phosphinate-based hardener. The overall mechanical performance of the materials cured with the phosphorus-containing hardeners is comparable to that of a 4,4 0 -DDS-cured reference system. While the various phosphorus-containing hardeners in general provide the epoxy-based matrix with enhanced flame retardancy properties, it is the flame inhibition in the gas phase especially that determines the improvement in fire retardancy of carbon fiber-reinforced composites. In summary, the present study provides an important contribution towards developing a better understanding of the potential use of such phosphorus-containing compounds to provide the composite matrix with sufficient flame retardancy while simultaneously maintaining its overall mechanical performance on a suitable level.

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Cure kinetics and morphology of blends of epoxy resin with poly (ether ether ketone) containing pendant tertiary butyl groups

Cited by 106 publications

References 44 publications

Thermoplastic toughened layered silicate epoxy ternary nanocomposites—Preparation, morphology, and thermomechanical properties

Thermoplastic toughened layered silicate epoxy ternary nanocomposites—Preparation, morphology, and thermomechanical properties

Hydroxyl terminated poly(ether ether ketone) with pendant methyl group‐toughened epoxy clay ternary nanocomposites: Preparation, morphology, and thermomechanical properties

Novel phosphorus‐containing hardeners with tailored chemical structures for epoxy resins: Synthesis and cured resin properties

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