Cure modeling and mechanical properties of counter rotating twin screw extruder devulcanized ground rubber tire—natural rubber blends

Balasubramanian, Maridass

doi:10.1007/s10965-008-9211-5

Cited by 30 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Similar to scorch time, optimum cure time decreased with increase in GTR/RTR loading and stabilizes at higher loading [63,70,[72][73][74][75][76]. The reasons are similar to reasons for decrease in scorch time.…”

Section: Cure Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Waste tire rubber in polymer blends: A review on the evolution, properties and future

Ramarad

Khalid

Ratnam

et al. 2015

Progress in Materials Science

430

253

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Please cite this article as: Ramarad, S., Khalid, M., Ratnam, C.T., Luqman Chuah, A., Rashmi, W., Waste tire rubber in polymer blends: A review on the evolution, properties and future, Progress in Materials Science (2015), doi: http://dx. AbstractThis review addresses the progress in waste tire recycling with a particular attention to incorporation of waste tire rubber (WTR) into polymeric matrices. Methods of waste tire downsizing, importance of WTR characterization and current practice of WTR modification has been emphasized. Detailed discussion on influence of WTR size, loading, modification, compatibilization and crosslinking on the rheological, mechanical and thermal properties of rubber, thermoplastic and thermoplastic elastomer blends utilizing WTR has been reported.By far, thermoplastic elastomer blends; though still in its infancy; has shown the most promising properties balance which is capable of commercialization. Rubber/WTR blends 2 also show ease of processing and acceptable properties. Thermoplastic/WTR blends suffers in term of toughness and elongation at break. However, the waste thermoplastic/WTR is a viable solution to address polymeric waste problem. Review also highlights the lack of studies concentrating on dynamic mechanical, aging, thermal and swelling properties of WTR polymeric blends.

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Section: Cure Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Waste tire rubber in polymer blends: A review on the evolution, properties and future

Ramarad

Khalid

Ratnam

et al. 2015

Progress in Materials Science

430

253

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…RTR is readily available in the market as the reclaiming and devulcanization process have been in practice for a very long time. RTR is also favored when blending with rubber as the miscibility of the RTR/rubber blends are reported to be better compared GTR/rubber blends (Li et al, 2005, Balasubramanian, 2009, Rooj et al, 2011. Table 2.4 Physical, chemical and microbial processes of tire rubber reclaiming/devulcanization (Myhre et al, 2012, Vukanti et al, 2009, Shah et al, 2013, Shi et al, 2014 …”

Section: -Sx -C 251mentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving the properties of reclaimed waste tire rubber by blending with poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate) and electron beam irradiation

Ramarad

Ratnam

Khalid

et al. 2014

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Non-degradable waste tire generation around the world is growing at an alarming rate. Diversifying the recycling route of these waste tires is essential to solve the problem. One way is to incorporate them into polymers and convert them into new products. However, incorporation of ground tire rubber into thermoplastics has been hampered due to lack of toughness and adhesion between phases. To address the issue, this study utilized reclaimed waste tire rubber (RTR) instead; and evaluated the properties of RTR and poly(ethyleneco-vinyl acetate) (EVA) blends. The properties of the RTR/EVA blends were further enhanced by compatibilization and electron beam irradiation.Processing, mechanical, thermal and dynamic mechanical properties of RTR were tremendously improved by blending with EVA. However, the interfacial adhesion was found to lack in the blends. Compatibilization by reactive, physical and combination strategies were explored utilizing (3-Aminopropyl)triethoxy silane (APS), liquid styrene butadiene rubber (LR) and maleated EVA (MAEVA), respectively. APS and MAEVA were found to be the most and least favourable compatibilizer, respectively. Apart from functioning as reactive compatibilizer, APS also reclaimed the RTR phase further. These lead to improved dispersion of smaller RTR phase in EVA matrix and enhanced the interfacial adhesion.Electron beam irradiation revealed the presence of radical stabilizing and scavenging additives within RTR which retards the crosslinking process in RTR and RTR/EVA blends. Though chain scissions were predominant; study showed the replacement of S-S and S-C bonds with stronger and stiffer C-C bonds ensures the retention of RTR and RTR/EVA blends properties upon irradiation.Compatibilization of RTR/EVA blend by APS (50RTR/5APS) also improved the crosslinking efficiency. However, the blend still suffered from oxidative degradation from irradiation in air. Radiation sensitizers, trimethylol propane triacrylate (TMPTA), tripropylene glycol diacrylate (TPGDA) and N,N-1,3Phenylene Bismaleimide (HVA2), were used to accelerate the irradiation induced crosslinking in RTR and 50RTR/5APS blends. Presence of radiation sensitizers leads to simultaneous improvement in toughness and tensile strength of RTR and 50RTR/5APS blends. Elastic capacity of RTR phase was restored and interfacial adhesion enhanced in the presence of radiation sensitizers.iii

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“…The crosslink bonds of ground rubber can be cleaved via numerous techniques, primarily physical and chemical methods [3][4][5][6]. Both methods are efficient to enhance the bonds between the ground rubber and matrix [7][8][9][10], but the methods have high energy consumption or secondary pollution involved.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…SEM studies of tensile fracture surface were used to evaluate interface and coherency between DGTR and NR matrix. 10.0. The medium had been autoclaved at 115°C before the incubation and the cultivation condition was at 30°C and pH at 6.5, with stirring at 175 rpm.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improvement of the properties of natural rubber/ground tire rubber composites through biological desulfurization of GTR

2012

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Cure modeling and mechanical properties of counter rotating twin screw extruder devulcanized ground rubber tire—natural rubber blends

Cited by 30 publications

References 18 publications

Waste tire rubber in polymer blends: A review on the evolution, properties and future

Waste tire rubber in polymer blends: A review on the evolution, properties and future

Improving the properties of reclaimed waste tire rubber by blending with poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate) and electron beam irradiation

Improvement of the properties of natural rubber/ground tire rubber composites through biological desulfurization of GTR

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